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anatomy and physiology > endocrine system > Flashcards

endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

what is homeostasis

A

maintenance of a constant internal environment through the use of chemicals (proteins/peptides + steroids)

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2
Q

what is the endocrine system made up of

A

composed of specialised cells/tissues and organs - endocrine glands

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3
Q

what are the 3 types of hormones and identify 2 of each

A

steroid - testosterone + oestrogen
peptide - oxytocin + insulin
amine - adrenaline + thyroxine (regulates basal rate of metabolism)

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4
Q

parathyroid, where is it from and what does it do

A

secreted by the chief cells of the parathyroid glands - increases calcium levels when they get low by causing the release of calcium from bones

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5
Q

calcitonin, where is it from and what does it do

A

produced by C cells of the thyroid, Calcitonin lowers the concentration of calcium in the blood

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6
Q

aldosterone, where is it from and what does it do

A

(opposite to ANP) secreted from the adrenal glands, acts on the kidney to conservation of sodium (increases sodium concentration) and regulate blood pressure

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7
Q

ADH, where is it from and what does it do

A

A hormone produced in the hypothalamus and secreted by the posterior pituitary gland. ADH stimulates reabsorption of water through the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts of the kidney, resulting in less water being excreted in the urine, thus conserving water.

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8
Q

ANP, where is it from and what does it do

A

(opposite to aldosterone) decreases plasma sodium levels. Atrial natriuretic peptide is released from the heart muscle cells, ANP acts to reduce the water, sodium and adipose loads on the circulatory system, thereby reducing blood pressure

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9
Q

what do endocrine glands do

A

synthesise/store chemical messengers
no ducts very rich blood supply
hormones secreted into blood

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10
Q

what controls homeostasis

A

negative feedback mechanisms

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11
Q

where would you find endocrine glands

A 
hypothalamus
pituitary gland
thyroid gland
adrenal gland
ovaries/testicles
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12
Q

how many hormones does the anterior pituitary gland secrete and what are they

A

6 hormones
TSH - thyroid stimulating hormone (stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine (T4), and triiodothyronine (T3) which stimulates the metabolism of almost every tissue in the body)
PRL - Prolactin,(It stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk - lactation)
ACTH - Adrenocorticotropic hormone ( Its principal effects are increased production and release of corticosteroids)
LH - Leutenising hormone In females, an acute rise of LH triggers ovulation and development of the corpus luteum. In males, where LH had also been called interstitial cell-stimulating hormone it stimulates Leydig cell production of testosterone
FSH - Folicle stimulating hormone (FSH regulates the development, growth, pubertal maturation and reproductive processes of the body. FSH and luteinizing hormone (LH) act synergistically in reproduction)
HGH/GH - Human growth hormone (stimulates cell growth, reproduction and regeneration)

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13
Q

what is the structure/function of the pituitary gland

A

It is located next to the hypothalamus in the brain. It is enclosed by a capsule of collagenous connective tissue and surrounded by thin walled blood vessels. secretes 6 hormones

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14
Q

what is the structure/function of the hypothalamus

A

It is an area of the brain - forms walls and floor of the 3rd ventricle. It is closely related to the pituitary gland and has a regulating function. Produces hormones (releasing hormones.

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15
Q

what are the 7 hormones produced by the hypothalamus

A

TRH - Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (stimulates the release of TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) and prolactin from the anterior pituitary
PRF - prolactin realeasing factor (stimulates prolactin release from anterior pituitary)
PRIF/PIF - Prolactin inhibiting factor (Inhibits the release of prolactin)
CRH - corticotropin-releasing hormone (stimulates both the synthesis and the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone - ACTH)
GnRH - Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (stimulates the pituitary gland to produce luteinizing hormone - LH)
GHRH & SS - growth hormone-releasing hormone (stimulates anterior pituitary to produce growth hormone) & somatostatin - aka growth hormone inhibiting hormone (inhibits release of growth hormone from anterior pituitary)

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16
Q

posterior pituitary, what 2 hormones does it produce?

A

( 2 p’s 2 hormones!)
ADH - Anti-diuretic hormone aka vassopressin ( Vasopressin regulates the body’s retention of water by acting to increase water reabsorption in the collecting ducts of the kidney nephron. It also increases peripheral vascular resistance, which in turn increases arterial blood pressure)
Oxytocin -

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17
Q

what two systems maintain homeostasis

A

endocrine - slow but more precise

autonomic nervous system - quick

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18
Q

what does the hypothalamus do

A

controls the pituitary and has an indirect affect on other glands

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19
Q

how is the anterior and posterior pituitary supplied with arterial blood

A

anterior - from internal carotid artery indirectly from hypothalamus (pituitary portal system which also transports releasing and inhibiting hormones)
posterior - from internal carotid artery directly

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20
Q

how is pituitary venously drained

A

drained from both lobes into venous sinuses between layers of dura mater

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21
Q

draw table of hormone…where from, (and cells produced by) hormone, stimulated/regulated by what, what does it act on, what does it do, other e.g iodine essential for T4 , T3 production

A

draw it

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22
Q

when looking at a diagram of the pituitary where does the optic ciasm (big lump) lie

A

over the anterior pituitary

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23
Q

where is the thyroid gland situated, describe it, what 3 hormones does it release

A

in the neck (trachea) made up of 2 lobes, butterfly dhaped, with very good blood supply - T3 T4 and Calcitonin

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24
Q

draw thyroid gland

A

draw it - NOT PRINTED!

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25
Q

where is calcitonin released from and what does it do?

A

released from c cells of thyroid gland. Acts on bone cells and kidneys to reduce blood calcium

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26
Q

what are the symptoms of hyperthyroidism (increased T3 and T4 production

A

increased basal metabolic rate
BP/Heart rate increased
goitre

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27
Q

what are the symptoms of hypothyroidism (decreased T3 and T4 production

A

decreased basal metabolic rate

lethargy, developmental delay, goitre

28
Q

which cells produce T3 and T4

A

follicular cells of thyroid gland stimulated by TSH

T4 is converted to T3 at target tissue

29
Q

is there more T3 or T4 amines

A

T3 - 10%

T4 - 90%

30
Q

what do T3 and T4 do

A

metabolism control - temp, heart rate

31
Q

what is a goitre

A

enlargement of the thyroid gland

32
Q

what is adenylate cyclase

A

an enzyme with key regulatory roles in essentially all cells

33
Q

what is the mech of a for peptide hormones?

A

peptide hormones use cAMP to act as a 2nd messenger.
Secondary messengers are therefore one of the initiating components of intracellular signal transduction cascades.’ 2nd messengers opens ion channels and active enzymes)
adrenaline/noradrenaline, ADH, ACTH, FSH, LH, TSH, PTH, Calcitonin, glucagon

34
Q

how do steroids work on a cellular level, what are the 3 types of steroid hormones and give an example

A 
They alter DNA - switching on or off genes
mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
glucocorticoids (cortisone)
sex steroids (testosterone)
35
Q

what is the mech of action for steroid hormones

A

they diffuse into cell as lipid soluble

36
Q

what is the mech of action for amines (ie thyroid hormones)

A

similar to steroid hormones, they both slip easily through the cell membrane (binds to mitrochondria - increases ATP)

37
Q

what is the hormone secreted from the heart

A

Atreal/brain natriuretic peptide ANP/BNP - (a powerful vasodilator, and a protein (polypeptide) hormone secreted by heart muscle cells in response to high blood volume)

38
Q

what is the hormone secreted from the kidney

A

EPO Erythropoietin - controls red blood cell production

Renin - actually an enzyme which regulates the body’s mean arterial blood pressure.

39
Q

what is the hormone secreted from the small intestine

A

CCK - Cholecystokinin (stimulates digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the gallbladder)

Secretin - Secretin is a hormone that regulates water homeostasis throughout the body, and influences the environment of the duodenum by regulating secretions in the stomach and pancreas.

40
Q

what is the hormone secreted from the pineal gland (endocrine gland in the vertebrate brain)

A

Melatonin - helps regulate other hormones and maintains the body’s circadian rhythm

41
Q

what is the hormone secreted from the parathyroid

A

PTH - Parathyroid hormone (is secreted by the chief cells of the parathyroid glands to increase the concentration of calcium in the blood) opposite to calcitonin

42
Q

what is the hormone secreted from the placenta

A

Progesterone - steroid hormone involved in the female menstrual cycle, pregnancy

43
Q

what is the hormone secreted from the thymus (specialized organ of the immune system)

A

Thymosin - stimulates development of T cells a type of lymphocyte (white blood cell) that play a central role in cell-mediated immunity.

44
Q

what is the hormone secreted from the pancreas

A

insulin - secreted by beta cells in the pancreas to reduce blood glucose
glucagon - produced by alpha cells of the pancreas, raises blood glucose levels

45
Q

what does paracrine mean

A

effects of hormone are restricted to local environment

46
Q

what does autocrine mean

A

self stimulation through cellular production of a hormone

47
Q

draw functional classification diagram on front page of endocrine versus the nervous system

A

draw it

48
Q

give 4 facts about the endocrine system

A

utilises endocrine glands
secretes hormones
blood as travel medium
utilises receptors

49
Q

what is the difference between endocrine and exocrine

A

Exocrine glands are glands that secrete their products through the ducts, and discharge it into the external environment, to organs or the outside the body. Exocrine glands differ from endocrine glands, because they have ducts that deliver the products in the superficial part of the body, such as the skin, or in the inner part where they are necessary, such as the pancreatic juice that is carried into the intestine to aid digestion.

50
Q

give 5 facts about the nervous system

A

1) nerves supply organs and tissues in distinct anatomically difined pathways
2) electrical impulses propagate as action potentials (changes in Na and K permeability)
3) Act on limited number of cells
4) high speed transmission
5) point to point transmission

51
Q

what is an androgen and where is it produced

A

sex/steroid hormone e.g testosterone

in the adrenal cortex like all steroids

52
Q

give an example of a glucocorticoid (1 of the 3 types of steroid hormone along with mineralocorticoid and androgens) where is it produced?

A

cortisol (hydrocortisone) .
regulate metabolism in response to stress
produced by the adrenal cortex like all steroid hormones

53
Q

give an example of a mineralocorticoid (1 one the 3 types of steroid hormone along with glucocorticoid and androgens) where is it produced

A

aldosterone maintenance of water and electrolyte balance

produced by the adrenal cortex like all steroids

54
Q

Recall the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

A

the enzyme renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1, ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2 which stimulates the secretion of aldosterone

55
Q

are the pre-ganglionic nerves short or long in the sympathetic nervous system

A

pre - ganglionic: short

post - ganglionic: long

56
Q

are the pre-ganglionic nerves short or long in the parasympathetic nervous system

A

pre-ganglionic: long

post -ganglionic: short

57
Q

in the sympathetic nervous system, what’s the neurotransmitter between pre and post ganglion

A

pre - acetylcholine

post - noradrenalin

58
Q

in the parasympathetic nervous system, what’s the neurotransmitter between pre and post ganglion

A

pre - acetylcholine

post - acetylcholine

59
Q

in the sympathetic nervous system where do the nerves exit the CNS

A

thoracic and lumber segments of the spine

60
Q

in the parasympathetic nervous system where do the nerves exit the CNS

A

brain stem (crainial nerves III, VII, IX, & X) and the sacral region of the spine

61
Q

what does the adrenal medulla produce

A

secrete epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and a small amount of dopamine in response to stimulation by sympathetic preganglionic neurons.

62
Q

what are the differences between the effects of the endocrine and nervous systems

A 
Endocrine is: 
Slower response 
Effects more long lasting- hours/days
Speed dependant on blood flow
Distance to effector and vascular supply

whereas….

Nervous is:
Rapid response to stimuli
Short lived (10 msec

63
Q

the neurotransmitter adrenaline/noradrenaline effects which receptors and what is the effect

A

Alpha and Beta receptors
Alpha 1 - peripheral vascular smooth muscle (vasoconstriction)
Alpha 2 - presynaptic membrane (inhibit transmitter release)
Beta 1 - heart (increase force of contraction, increase HR)
Beta 2 - brochiole smooth muscle/vascular smooth muscle (dilation)
Beta 3 - adipose tissue (lipolysis - break down of lipids)

64
Q

the neurotransmitter Acetylcholine can have an effect on which receptors

A

cholinergic receptors (either muscarinic or nicotinic - the difference between the two is their mode of action)

65
Q

Which hormones plays an important role in the endocrine and nervous system?

A

adrenaline/noradrenaline

anatomy and physiology (15 decks)

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