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anatomy and physiology > female reproductive system > Flashcards

female reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 functions of the female reproductive system

A

production of female gametes
production of hormones
site for nourishment and development of the embryo

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2
Q

what are the 4 parts of the internal genitalia

A

ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina

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3
Q

what are the 3 parts of the internal genitalia

A

mons pubis (join in between hips at front), labia majora (homologus with scrotum) and labia minora, clitoris (homologous with penis)

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4
Q

what type of organ is the ovary

A

endocrine organ

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5
Q

draw and label female reproductive system

A

draw it

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6
Q

what are the 3 ligaments associated with the ovary

A 
suspensory ligament 
broad ligament (ovary to pelvic cavity)
ligament of ovary (ovary to uterus)
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7
Q

what are the 4 layers of the ovary from outside - in

A

germinal epithelium (outer)
thin tunica albuginea (fibrous tissue)
cortex (ovarian follicles)
medullar (inner most vascular layer)

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8
Q

what supplies the ovary with blood

A

ovarian arteries supply blood at the hilum (entry point for nerves and vessels)

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9
Q

what is a follicle

A

it is an ovum (egg) in different stages of development. 1 secondary follicle matures to become a tertiary follicle which is released from ovary

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10
Q

what hormone maintains the corpus luteum until the placenta is established

A

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

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11
Q

what does the corpus luteum secrete

A

progesterone and oestrogen

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12
Q

what are the 4 parts of the fallopian tube

A

infundibulum (funnel)
ampulla (site of fertilisation)
isthmus (bridge uterus and f. tube)
intramural segment section of uterus)

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13
Q

what surrounds the fallopian ostium (small hole/opening)

A

ciliated fimbriae

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14
Q

what are the 2 functions of the fallopian tube

A

convey oocyte from peritoneal cavity to the uterus

site of fertilisation (usually ampulla)

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15
Q

what are the features of the fallopian tube

A

muscular tube with ciliated simple columnar epithelial cells and secretory cells

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16
Q

how does the egg travel along the fallopian tube

A

fimbriae move to produce current and peristalsis

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17
Q

how long after ovulation can fertilisation take place

A

24 hours

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18
Q

how long does it take for zygote (fertilised egg) to travel through fallopian tube

A

3-4 days

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19
Q

what is the position of the uterus

A

flattened antero-posteriorly and lies between bladder and rectum

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20
Q

which 2 ligaments hold the uterus in place

A

utero-sacral ligament (the sacrum is a large, triangular bone at the base of the spine and at the upper and back part of the pelvic cavity)
cardinal ligament

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21
Q

the uterus is made up of 3 parts, what are they

A

fundus (dome)
body
cervix

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22
Q

what are the names of the 2 pouches around the uterus made up of peritoneum

A 
vesicouterine pouch (between uterus and bladder) 
rectouterine pouch/pouch of douglas (between bowel and uterus) 
These are common sites for spread of pathology e.g ascites (accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity)
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23
Q

what are the 3 main layers of the uterus called and what happens there

A

perimetrium (outer serosa layer of the uterus derived of peritenium)
myometrium (smooth muscle wall, 3 poorly defined layers)
Endometrium (innermost mucous membrane which undergoes extensive changes during menstrual cycle)

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24
Q

what are the 2 zones of the uterus and what happens at each

A 
functional (shed monthly)
basal zone (cellular reserve for re-growth of functional layer)
25
Q

what are the 3 phases of the menstrual cycle and what happens during each

A

menstrual (1-5) spiral arteries constrict and functional layer sloughed off,
proliferative (6-14) oestrogen, build up of tissue and simple glands formed
secretory - after ovulation (15-28) progesterone, glands enlarge and spiral arteries coil

26
Q

describe the location of the cervix

A

cervix projects into the vagina and formed fornices (anterior and posterior) posterior fornix close to rectouterine pouch (of Douglas)

27
Q

what is the cervix made up of

A

ectocervix (vagina side) stratified (2 or more layers) squamous epithelial
endocervix (uterus side) simple columnar epithelial
epithelium changes at squamo-columnar junction and position of junction changes at puberty

28
Q

what is the structure/environment of the vagina like and what type of cells is it lined with

A

it is made up of rugae (folds) and provides an acidic environment lined with stratified (2 or more layers) squamous epithelium

29
Q

what blood supplies supply ovary, uterus and external genitalia

A

ovarian artery branch off aorta, uterine arteries branch off internal iliac artery and pudendal artery supplies external genitalia

30
Q

what are the 3 tissues which make up the mammary glands (reproductive system accessory)

A

adipose (fat tissue), glandular (increases during pregnancy when stimulated by progesterone) and fibrous

31
Q

what are the alveoli (hollow cavities) surrounded by with means they can contract during lactation

A

myoepithelial cells (myo = muscle)

32
Q

what hormone stimulates ejection of milk from mammary gland and labour contractions and where does it come from

A

oxytocin, posterior pituitary

33
Q

fluid drains into which part of the breast

A

subareolar lymphatic plexus

34
Q

what 2 main cycles are controlled by hormones in the female sexual reproductive system

A

menstrual and uterine cycle,

35
Q

draw hormone table

A

perhaps need this

36
Q

what does FSH do and where is it released from

A

released from the puiuitary gland FSH stimulates growth and development of follicle and induces granulosa cells of the ovary to synthesise aromatase (enzyme in the treatment of breast cancer)
promotes secretion of oestrogen and promotes inhibin (inhibits FSH) by ovaries

37
Q

what does LH do and where is it released from

A

released from the pituitary gland.
LH induces ovulation by increasing collagenase (enzyme which digests fibres surrounding follicle)
It stimulates theca interna of ovary to produce androgens (a steroid hormone).
stimulates secretion of testosterone which is converted to oestrogen and is responsible for the formation of the corpus luteum

38
Q

if there is no surge in LH what does not occur

A

ovulation

39
Q

what are the 3 stages of ovulation

A

LH increases collagenase (enzyme which digests fibres surrounding follicle)
LH increases prostaglandins which cause ovarian wall to contract
Contractions extrude the oocyte

40
Q

how does the combined pill work

A

it is made up of oestrogen and progestin (mimics progesterone) which both inhibits GnRH and therefore inhibits LH

41
Q

what happens during menopause

A

oestrogen production slows down

42
Q

what PH is the vagina

A

approx. 4.3 (acidic), cervic approx. 6

43
Q

what happens to vaginal mucus during the menstrual cycle

A

around days 9-16 it becomes more watery to allow for sperm to pass through

44
Q

what thickens vaginal mucus

A

progesterone, contraceptive thickens mucus

45
Q

what happens during fertilisation

A

head of spermatozoa binds to (zona pellucida) egg
acrosomal reaction occurs (enzyme release)
sperm binds to plasma membrane of egg and contents enters
polyspermy is prevented

46
Q

what phase of meiosis is completed upon fertilisation

A

meiosis 2

47
Q

what is the fertilisated egg then called

A

zygote

48
Q

the fertilisated egg (zygote) divides as it travels where

A

from the ampulla (part of fallopian tube) to the uterus

49
Q

what is the egg known as from day 5

A

blastocyst

50
Q

what is the blastocyst made up of

A

trophoblast (outer cells)

inner cell mass (internal cells)

51
Q

how long after fertilisation does the egg implant

A

approx. 8 (embeds within a stroma - healing wound)

52
Q

what percentage of eggs do not develop to maturity

A

50%

53
Q

what is a major problem for IVF

A

failure of implantation

54
Q

what hormone prepares for pregnancy

A

Progesterone Prepares for Pregnancy

55
Q

what are the 2 muscles which make up the pelvic floor

A

cocygeus and levator ani

56
Q

what is the perineum

A

gooch muscle

57
Q

what is the name of the incision made during labour should the baby become stuck

A

episiotomy

58
Q

what are the 3 stages of labour

A 
dilation stage (8-24 hours)
expulsion stage (30-60 mins)
placental stage (15-30 mins)

anatomy and physiology (15 decks)

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