female reproductive system

Question 1

what are the 3 functions of the female reproductive system

Answer 1

production of female gametes
production of hormones
site for nourishment and development of the embryo

Question 2

what are the 4 parts of the internal genitalia

Answer 2

ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina

Question 3

what are the 3 parts of the internal genitalia

Answer 3

mons pubis (join in between hips at front), labia majora (homologus with scrotum) and labia minora, clitoris (homologous with penis)

Question 4

what type of organ is the ovary

Answer 4

endocrine organ

Question 5

draw and label female reproductive system

Answer 5

draw it

Question 6

what are the 3 ligaments associated with the ovary

Answer 6

suspensory ligament 
broad ligament (ovary to pelvic cavity)
ligament of ovary (ovary to uterus)

Question 7

what are the 4 layers of the ovary from outside - in

Answer 7

germinal epithelium (outer)
thin tunica albuginea (fibrous tissue)
cortex (ovarian follicles)
medullar (inner most vascular layer)

Question 8

what supplies the ovary with blood

Answer 8

ovarian arteries supply blood at the hilum (entry point for nerves and vessels)

Question 9

what is a follicle

Answer 9

it is an ovum (egg) in different stages of development. 1 secondary follicle matures to become a tertiary follicle which is released from ovary

Question 10

what hormone maintains the corpus luteum until the placenta is established

Answer 10

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

Question 11

what does the corpus luteum secrete

Answer 11

progesterone and oestrogen

Question 12

what are the 4 parts of the fallopian tube

Answer 12

infundibulum (funnel)
ampulla (site of fertilisation)
isthmus (bridge uterus and f. tube)
intramural segment section of uterus)

Question 13

what surrounds the fallopian ostium (small hole/opening)

Answer 13

ciliated fimbriae

Question 14

what are the 2 functions of the fallopian tube

Answer 14

convey oocyte from peritoneal cavity to the uterus

site of fertilisation (usually ampulla)

Question 15

what are the features of the fallopian tube

Answer 15

muscular tube with ciliated simple columnar epithelial cells and secretory cells

Question 16

how does the egg travel along the fallopian tube

Answer 16

fimbriae move to produce current and peristalsis

Question 17

how long after ovulation can fertilisation take place

Answer 17

24 hours

Question 18

how long does it take for zygote (fertilised egg) to travel through fallopian tube

Answer 18

3-4 days

Question 19

what is the position of the uterus

Answer 19

flattened antero-posteriorly and lies between bladder and rectum

Question 20

which 2 ligaments hold the uterus in place

Answer 20

utero-sacral ligament (the sacrum is a large, triangular bone at the base of the spine and at the upper and back part of the pelvic cavity)
cardinal ligament

Question 21

the uterus is made up of 3 parts, what are they

Answer 21

fundus (dome)
body
cervix

Question 22

what are the names of the 2 pouches around the uterus made up of peritoneum

Answer 22

vesicouterine pouch (between uterus and bladder) 
rectouterine pouch/pouch of douglas (between bowel and uterus) 
These are common sites for spread of pathology e.g ascites (accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity)

Question 23

what are the 3 main layers of the uterus called and what happens there

Answer 23

perimetrium (outer serosa layer of the uterus derived of peritenium)
myometrium (smooth muscle wall, 3 poorly defined layers)
Endometrium (innermost mucous membrane which undergoes extensive changes during menstrual cycle)

Question 24

what are the 2 zones of the uterus and what happens at each

Answer 24

functional (shed monthly)
basal zone (cellular reserve for re-growth of functional layer)

Question 25

what are the 3 phases of the menstrual cycle and what happens during each

Answer 25

menstrual (1-5) spiral arteries constrict and functional layer sloughed off, proliferative (6-14) oestrogen, build up of tissue and simple glands formed secretory - after ovulation (15-28) progesterone, glands enlarge and spiral arteries coil

Question 26

describe the location of the cervix

Answer 26

cervix projects into the vagina and formed fornices (anterior and posterior) posterior fornix close to rectouterine pouch (of Douglas)

Question 27

what is the cervix made up of

Answer 27

ectocervix (vagina side) stratified (2 or more layers) squamous epithelial endocervix (uterus side) simple columnar epithelial epithelium changes at squamo-columnar junction and position of junction changes at puberty

Question 28

what is the structure/environment of the vagina like and what type of cells is it lined with

Answer 28

it is made up of rugae (folds) and provides an acidic environment lined with stratified (2 or more layers) squamous epithelium

Question 29

what blood supplies supply ovary, uterus and external genitalia

Answer 29

ovarian artery branch off aorta, uterine arteries branch off internal iliac artery and pudendal artery supplies external genitalia

Question 30

what are the 3 tissues which make up the mammary glands (reproductive system accessory)

Answer 30

adipose (fat tissue), glandular (increases during pregnancy when stimulated by progesterone) and fibrous

Question 31

what are the alveoli (hollow cavities) surrounded by with means they can contract during lactation

Answer 31

myoepithelial cells (myo = muscle)

Question 32

what hormone stimulates ejection of milk from mammary gland and labour contractions and where does it come from

Answer 32

oxytocin, posterior pituitary

Question 33

fluid drains into which part of the breast

Answer 33

subareolar lymphatic plexus

Question 34

what 2 main cycles are controlled by hormones in the female sexual reproductive system

Answer 34

menstrual and uterine cycle,

Question 35

draw hormone table

Answer 35

perhaps need this

Question 36

what does FSH do and where is it released from

Answer 36

released from the puiuitary gland FSH stimulates growth and development of follicle and induces granulosa cells of the ovary to synthesise aromatase (enzyme in the treatment of breast cancer) promotes secretion of oestrogen and promotes inhibin (inhibits FSH) by ovaries

Question 37

what does LH do and where is it released from

Answer 37

released from the pituitary gland. LH induces ovulation by increasing collagenase (enzyme which digests fibres surrounding follicle) It stimulates theca interna of ovary to produce androgens (a steroid hormone). stimulates secretion of testosterone which is converted to oestrogen and is responsible for the formation of the corpus luteum

Question 38

if there is no surge in LH what does not occur

Answer 38

ovulation

Question 39

what are the 3 stages of ovulation

Answer 39

LH increases collagenase (enzyme which digests fibres surrounding follicle) LH increases prostaglandins which cause ovarian wall to contract Contractions extrude the oocyte

Question 40

how does the combined pill work

Answer 40

it is made up of oestrogen and progestin (mimics progesterone) which both inhibits GnRH and therefore inhibits LH

Question 41

what happens during menopause

Answer 41

oestrogen production slows down

Question 42

what PH is the vagina

Answer 42

approx. 4.3 (acidic), cervic approx. 6

Question 43

what happens to vaginal mucus during the menstrual cycle

Answer 43

around days 9-16 it becomes more watery to allow for sperm to pass through

Question 44

what thickens vaginal mucus

Answer 44

progesterone, contraceptive thickens mucus

Question 45

what happens during fertilisation

Answer 45

head of spermatozoa binds to (zona pellucida) egg acrosomal reaction occurs (enzyme release) sperm binds to plasma membrane of egg and contents enters polyspermy is prevented

Question 46

what phase of meiosis is completed upon fertilisation

Answer 46

meiosis 2

Question 47

what is the fertilisated egg then called

Answer 47

zygote

Question 48

the fertilisated egg (zygote) divides as it travels where

Answer 48

from the ampulla (part of fallopian tube) to the uterus

Question 49

what is the egg known as from day 5

Answer 49

blastocyst

Question 50

what is the blastocyst made up of

Answer 50

trophoblast (outer cells) | inner cell mass (internal cells)

Question 51

how long after fertilisation does the egg implant

Answer 51

approx. 8 (embeds within a stroma - healing wound)

Question 52

what percentage of eggs do not develop to maturity

Answer 52

50%

Question 53

what is a major problem for IVF

Answer 53

failure of implantation

Question 54

what hormone prepares for pregnancy

Answer 54

Progesterone Prepares for Pregnancy

Question 55

what are the 2 muscles which make up the pelvic floor

Answer 55

cocygeus and levator ani

Question 56

what is the perineum

Answer 56

gooch muscle

Question 57

what is the name of the incision made during labour should the baby become stuck

Answer 57

episiotomy

Question 58

what are the 3 stages of labour

Answer 58

``` dilation stage (8-24 hours) expulsion stage (30-60 mins) placental stage (15-30 mins) ```