female reproductive system Flashcards
what are the 3 functions of the female reproductive system
production of female gametes
production of hormones
site for nourishment and development of the embryo
what are the 4 parts of the internal genitalia
ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina
what are the 3 parts of the internal genitalia
mons pubis (join in between hips at front), labia majora (homologus with scrotum) and labia minora, clitoris (homologous with penis)
what type of organ is the ovary
endocrine organ
draw and label female reproductive system
draw it
what are the 3 ligaments associated with the ovary
suspensory ligament broad ligament (ovary to pelvic cavity) ligament of ovary (ovary to uterus)
what are the 4 layers of the ovary from outside - in
germinal epithelium (outer)
thin tunica albuginea (fibrous tissue)
cortex (ovarian follicles)
medullar (inner most vascular layer)
what supplies the ovary with blood
ovarian arteries supply blood at the hilum (entry point for nerves and vessels)
what is a follicle
it is an ovum (egg) in different stages of development. 1 secondary follicle matures to become a tertiary follicle which is released from ovary
what hormone maintains the corpus luteum until the placenta is established
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
what does the corpus luteum secrete
progesterone and oestrogen
what are the 4 parts of the fallopian tube
infundibulum (funnel)
ampulla (site of fertilisation)
isthmus (bridge uterus and f. tube)
intramural segment section of uterus)
what surrounds the fallopian ostium (small hole/opening)
ciliated fimbriae
what are the 2 functions of the fallopian tube
convey oocyte from peritoneal cavity to the uterus
site of fertilisation (usually ampulla)
what are the features of the fallopian tube
muscular tube with ciliated simple columnar epithelial cells and secretory cells
how does the egg travel along the fallopian tube
fimbriae move to produce current and peristalsis
how long after ovulation can fertilisation take place
24 hours
how long does it take for zygote (fertilised egg) to travel through fallopian tube
3-4 days
what is the position of the uterus
flattened antero-posteriorly and lies between bladder and rectum
which 2 ligaments hold the uterus in place
utero-sacral ligament (the sacrum is a large, triangular bone at the base of the spine and at the upper and back part of the pelvic cavity)
cardinal ligament
the uterus is made up of 3 parts, what are they
fundus (dome)
body
cervix
what are the names of the 2 pouches around the uterus made up of peritoneum
vesicouterine pouch (between uterus and bladder) rectouterine pouch/pouch of douglas (between bowel and uterus) These are common sites for spread of pathology e.g ascites (accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity)
what are the 3 main layers of the uterus called and what happens there
perimetrium (outer serosa layer of the uterus derived of peritenium)
myometrium (smooth muscle wall, 3 poorly defined layers)
Endometrium (innermost mucous membrane which undergoes extensive changes during menstrual cycle)
what are the 2 zones of the uterus and what happens at each
functional (shed monthly) basal zone (cellular reserve for re-growth of functional layer)
what are the 3 phases of the menstrual cycle and what happens during each
menstrual (1-5) spiral arteries constrict and functional layer sloughed off,
proliferative (6-14) oestrogen, build up of tissue and simple glands formed
secretory - after ovulation (15-28) progesterone, glands enlarge and spiral arteries coil
describe the location of the cervix
cervix projects into the vagina and formed fornices (anterior and posterior) posterior fornix close to rectouterine pouch (of Douglas)
what is the cervix made up of
ectocervix (vagina side) stratified (2 or more layers) squamous epithelial
endocervix (uterus side) simple columnar epithelial
epithelium changes at squamo-columnar junction and position of junction changes at puberty
what is the structure/environment of the vagina like and what type of cells is it lined with
it is made up of rugae (folds) and provides an acidic environment lined with stratified (2 or more layers) squamous epithelium
what blood supplies supply ovary, uterus and external genitalia
ovarian artery branch off aorta, uterine arteries branch off internal iliac artery and pudendal artery supplies external genitalia
what are the 3 tissues which make up the mammary glands (reproductive system accessory)
adipose (fat tissue), glandular (increases during pregnancy when stimulated by progesterone) and fibrous
what are the alveoli (hollow cavities) surrounded by with means they can contract during lactation
myoepithelial cells (myo = muscle)
what hormone stimulates ejection of milk from mammary gland and labour contractions and where does it come from
oxytocin, posterior pituitary
fluid drains into which part of the breast
subareolar lymphatic plexus
what 2 main cycles are controlled by hormones in the female sexual reproductive system
menstrual and uterine cycle,
draw hormone table
perhaps need this
what does FSH do and where is it released from
released from the puiuitary gland FSH stimulates growth and development of follicle and induces granulosa cells of the ovary to synthesise aromatase (enzyme in the treatment of breast cancer)
promotes secretion of oestrogen and promotes inhibin (inhibits FSH) by ovaries
what does LH do and where is it released from
released from the pituitary gland.
LH induces ovulation by increasing collagenase (enzyme which digests fibres surrounding follicle)
It stimulates theca interna of ovary to produce androgens (a steroid hormone).
stimulates secretion of testosterone which is converted to oestrogen and is responsible for the formation of the corpus luteum
if there is no surge in LH what does not occur
ovulation
what are the 3 stages of ovulation
LH increases collagenase (enzyme which digests fibres surrounding follicle)
LH increases prostaglandins which cause ovarian wall to contract
Contractions extrude the oocyte
how does the combined pill work
it is made up of oestrogen and progestin (mimics progesterone) which both inhibits GnRH and therefore inhibits LH
what happens during menopause
oestrogen production slows down
what PH is the vagina
approx. 4.3 (acidic), cervic approx. 6
what happens to vaginal mucus during the menstrual cycle
around days 9-16 it becomes more watery to allow for sperm to pass through
what thickens vaginal mucus
progesterone, contraceptive thickens mucus
what happens during fertilisation
head of spermatozoa binds to (zona pellucida) egg
acrosomal reaction occurs (enzyme release)
sperm binds to plasma membrane of egg and contents enters
polyspermy is prevented
what phase of meiosis is completed upon fertilisation
meiosis 2
what is the fertilisated egg then called
zygote
the fertilisated egg (zygote) divides as it travels where
from the ampulla (part of fallopian tube) to the uterus
what is the egg known as from day 5
blastocyst
what is the blastocyst made up of
trophoblast (outer cells)
inner cell mass (internal cells)
how long after fertilisation does the egg implant
approx. 8 (embeds within a stroma - healing wound)
what percentage of eggs do not develop to maturity
50%
what is a major problem for IVF
failure of implantation
what hormone prepares for pregnancy
Progesterone Prepares for Pregnancy
what are the 2 muscles which make up the pelvic floor
cocygeus and levator ani
what is the perineum
gooch muscle
what is the name of the incision made during labour should the baby become stuck
episiotomy
what are the 3 stages of labour
dilation stage (8-24 hours) expulsion stage (30-60 mins) placental stage (15-30 mins)
