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anatomy and physiology > sensory nervous system (sensation and pain), motor nervous system, muscle, special senses > Flashcards

sensory nervous system (sensation and pain), motor nervous system, muscle, special senses Flashcards

1
Q

what are the sensory and motor parts responsible for

A 
Sensory - 
skin senses (pain, temp etc), 
proprioception (detecting relative position of parts of the body)
special senses (smell, taste etc)
Motor - 
skeletal muscle
movement
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2
Q

the somatic nervous system has 2 functional parts, what are they and which lobe controls which

A

Sensory system - parietal lobe

Motor system - frontal lobe

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3
Q

what is the 5 stage somatosensory system (stages in which sensory signals are processed)

A

1) activation of sensory receptor e.g skin
2) Transmission of signals into CNS via peripheral nerves
3) Relay of signal ascending pathways in sensory cerebral cortex
4) processing of signals in sensory cerebral cortex
5) sensation - perception (you feel it)

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4
Q

where do sensory neurons enter the spine

A

dorsal horn

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5
Q

where do motor neurons enter the spine

A

ventral horn

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6
Q

where does the first of the 3 nerves of the dorsal column pathway (fine touch, limb position) synapse

A

in the medulla (crosses over here)

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7
Q

where does the first of the 3 nerves of the spino-thalamic pathway (pain, temperature) synapse

A

in the spine (crosses over here)

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8
Q

where is the emotional component on which drugs can act to remove pain

A

hypothalamus

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9
Q

how does referred pain work

A

nociceptors in some parts of the body share interneurons in segments of the spinal cord. For example cardiac pain felt in the arm is due to skin of left arm (common signal) and heart (rare signal) sharing T1-T5 in spinal cord. The cortex interprets signal as from common site.

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10
Q

where do motor neurons enter the brain

A

precentral gyrus

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11
Q

where do sensory neurons enter the brain

A

postcentral gyrus

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12
Q

what do LMN’s (Lower Motor Neurons) do and where are they found

A

innervate skeletal muscle (alpha and gamma)- found in spinal cord or cranial nerve nuclei

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13
Q

what do UMN’s (Upper Motor Neurons) do and where are they found

A

control LMN’s - found in brain

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14
Q

what is a motor unit

A

a single motor neuron plus its bundle muscle fibres (muscle unit)

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15
Q

what dictates the strength of a muscle contraction

A

number of motor neurons activated and frequency of action potentials in motor neuron

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16
Q

what are examples of symptoms of Lower Motor Neuron Lesions

A

weakness, hypo-reflexia - tonia, wasting, fasciculation

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17
Q

what are examples of symptoms of Upper Motor Neuron Lesions

A

weakness, no wasting, hyper-flexia-tonia

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18
Q

are tendon jerks mono or poly synaptic

A

monosynaptic

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19
Q

are withdrawal/flexor reflexes mono or poly synaptic

A

polysynaptic

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20
Q

what are the 3 types of muscle and what do they look like

A

skeletal - striated (striped) multi-nucleate, non-branched
smooth - striated, single nucleus, branched (intestines)
cardiac - non-striated, single nucleus, tapered (heart)

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21
Q

what is the word which means muscles work together

A

synergistic

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22
Q

what is the word which means muscles work in opposite directions

A

antagonists

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23
Q

what is the major muscle called

A

prime mover

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24
Q

what are stabilising muscles around prime mover called

A

fixators

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25
Q

what are muscles mostly made up of

A

contractile proteins

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26
Q

what are the 3 types of muscle fibre

A

Type I - slowly contracting, low force, high endurance (walk)
Type IIA - fast contracting, medium force, high endurance (run)
Type IIB - fast contracting, high force, low endurance (sprinting)

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27
Q

what is a muscle unit

A

just the muscle fibres innervated by a motorunit

28
Q

how does sliding filament mechanism/muscle contraction work -3 things

A

contraction occurs when…

1) thick filaments (myocin) link (crossbridges) to thin filaments (actin) - calcium irons essential for crossbridge formation
2) thin filaments slide over thick filaments = power stroke
3) uses ATP

29
Q

When is ATP required in muscle contraction

A

for relock (not contraction)

30
Q

what is an isometric contraction

A

muscle develops tension but does not shorten (touching box ready to lift)

31
Q

what is an isotonic contraction

A

muscle shortens, tension remains constant (lifting box)

32
Q

what is an isotonic, eccentric contraction

A

muscle lengthens whilst maintaining tension (lowering box down)

33
Q

when do you get optimum stretch

A

when the most cross bridges are formed (middle of their length)

34
Q

what are the 5 steps of muscle contraction from point of action potential generation

A

1) action potential in motor nerve
2) release of chemical messenger (neurotransmitter=acetycholine) at synapse
3) action potential in muscle fibres
4) cross-bridge links formed between thin and thick filaments (needs calcium)
5) muscle fibres contract

35
Q

how do the eyes work

A

detect visible light in the form of colours

36
Q

what is the conjunctiva

A

the epithelial layer that lines inner surface of eyelid and covers outer surface of the eye

37
Q

what is the name of the gland which produces tears

A

lacimal gland

38
Q

In the eye how many fluid filled cavities are there and what are they called

A

2 (the anterior and posterior cavity) separated by the lens

39
Q

what is the wall of the eyeball made up of

A 
3 layers (tunics) 
fiberous (outside) vascular and neural (inner)
40
Q

what is the fiberous tunic made up of

A

sclera (white of eye) and cornea (transparent layer which covers iris and pupil)

41
Q

what is the vascular tunic made up of

A

consists of the iris (pigmented area), ciliary body (thickened region which contains suspensory ligaments) and choroid (capillary network). also contains blood vessels, smooth muscle.

42
Q

what is the neural tunic (retina) made up of

A

contains photoreceptors called rods and cones which respond to light. (more rods than cones) rods and cones synapse with sensory cells whose axons converge to form optic nerve

43
Q

what is the optic disc

A

site where optic nerve enters and blood vessels leave/enter. no photoreceptors so also known as blind spot

44
Q

what is fovea centralis

A

Area of eye with only cones no rods. light is most focused here when looking at an object

45
Q

what is the anterior cavity of the eye made up of

A

the anterior cavity is made up of anterior and posterior cavity separated by the iris and contains a watery fluid (aqueous humour) that nourishes the lens and cornea.

46
Q

what is the posterior cavity of the eye made up of

A

the posterior cavity (vitreous chamber) is filled with vitreous humour - a jelly like substance that maintains pressure within the eye

47
Q

what are the 3 steps of vision

A

1) iris allows light into eye
2) light focussed onto retina by the cornea lens and humours
3) as light strikes retina action potentials are transmitted to brain via optic nerve

48
Q

where does the optical nerve leave the eye and enter the brain

A

leaves the orbit and enters cranial cavity. Axons from the optic chasm pass to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe

49
Q

what are the 3 parts of the ear

A

external, middle, inner

50
Q

what is the external ear made up of

A

auricle - fleshy outside supported by cartiladge
tympanic membrane - (eardrum) separates external and middle ear, vibrates
external acoustic meatus - passageway, contains glands (wax) hairs

51
Q

what is the middle ear made up of

A

contains 3 auditory ossicles (ear bones) malleus, incus and stapes which transmit vibrations from tympanic membrane to oval membrane (tympanic 20x larger than oval so amplified)

52
Q

what is the middle ear connected to and what is it connected by

A

nasopharynx - connected by Eustachian tube

53
Q

what is the inner ear made up of

A

interconnecting fluid filled and bony channels within temporal bone.
cochlear (hearing)
vestibule and semicircular canals (balance)
vestibuloclear nerve transmits information from receptors to the brain

54
Q

what are the 5 steps of sound transmission

A

1) sounds waves collected by auricle and conducted through the external ear
2) sounds waves hit tympanic membrane and cause vibration
3) vibration is transmitted and amplified through the ossicles
4) vibration of stapes on oval window causes fluid on cochlea to vibrate
5) vibrations stimulate the spiral organ (sensory receptor) which triggers action potentials in the vestibularcochlear nerve

55
Q

where is sensory information from the cochlea sent

A

to the primary auditory cortex in the temporal lobe

56
Q

what are the two types of hearing impairment

A

conduction deafness - mechanical deficiency with soundwave reaching sensory receptor
sensorineural deafness - involves the spiral organ, neural pathway or primary auditory pathway

57
Q

which 2 parts of the ear are concerned with static equilibrium (position of the head)

A

the utricle and saccule make up the vestibule (small entrance or hall)

58
Q

what parts of the ear are concerned with kinetic equilibrium (change in direction or rate of head movement)

A

the semicircular canals

59
Q

what are the airborne smell molecules that we smell called

A

oderants

60
Q

what are the 4 steps of smell detection

A

1) oderants enter the nasal cavity and dissolve into the mucus
2) detected by receptor proteins on olfactory (smell) epithelium (upper region of nasal cavity)
3) olfactory nerve stimulated
4) info transmitted to olfactory cortex (brain)

61
Q

where are taste buds located

A

tongue, soft palate, pharynx and epiglotis

62
Q

what are the 4 steps of taste

A

1) tastants bind to receptors on hair cells
2) action potential initiated in sensory neurone
3) sensory axons for taste are contained in the facial glossopharangeal and vagus nerves
4) information transmitted to taste cortex in pariental lobe

63
Q

what are total loss, partial loss and taste distortion called

A

distortion - dysgeusia
partial loss - hypogeusia
total loss - ageusia

64
Q

What makes up a muscle

A

Collection of muscle fibres

65
Q

What are muscle fibres made up of

A

Myofibrils

anatomy and physiology (15 decks)

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