skeletal system Flashcards by eleanor ferguson

what are the 5 functions of the skeletal system

structural support
protection of internal organs
provides leverage for movement
stores calcium
produces blood cells

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bone is a specialised form of what

connective tissue

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cells are suspended in a matrix but what hardens the matrix

mineral salts

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what is the name of the organic component found in bone

osteoid (collagen and protein)

strong and flexible

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what is the name of the inorganic component of bone

Hydroxyapatite (calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate)

hard and relatively inflexible, brittle

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what makes bones strong but flexible

combination of organic and inorganic compounds

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how many types of bone cell are there

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what do osteoblasts do

produce new bone
secrete osteoid (organic compound)
responsible for mineral deposition

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what do osteocytes do

mature bone cells
located within lacunae (nests) within the bone
maintain the matrix (ensure well nourished)

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what do osteoclasts do

remove mineral from the matrix

responsible for bone remodelling (break down bone a bit like phagocytes and free up mineral to use for plasma)

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what do osteogenic stem cells do

found in periostem and endosteum. develop into osteoblasts (new bone)

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what are the 2 types of bone tissue

compact bone (surface of bone)
cancellous (spongy interior)

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what is the name of the functional unit of compact bone

osteon (Haversian system) consists of haversian canal with artery running through it

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are osteons aligned in the same or opposite direction

same to give the bone strength

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what is callous bone made up of and how are they arranged

trabeculae - arranged haphazardly

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what is in between trabeculae

bone marrow

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draw and label long bone

draw it

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what are the 2 types of bone marrow

red bone marrow (myeloid tissue - haemopoietic produces blood cells)
yellow bone marrow (fatty tissue that can onlybe stimulated to produce blood cells again in severe anaemia)

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which age group has increased bone marrow

children as needed to grow as well as replace

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what are the 4 shapes of bone and give an example of each

long (femur)
short (carpals)
flat (sternum)
irregular (vertebrae)

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draw flat bone

draw it - NOT PRINTED!

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what is the difference between intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification

intramembranous ossification (no cartilage phase - flat bones and clavicles) 
endochondral ossification (cartilage phase - long, short and irregular bones)

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how many stages are there for intramembranous ossification and what are they

1) mesenchymal cells secrete osteoid and later defrentiate into osteoblasts (which produce new bone) and the decomposition of calcium salts lead to calcification.
2) blood vessels grow into area to supply oxygen and nutrients
3) initially cancellous bone but later compact bone develops

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how many stages are there for endochondral ossification and what are they

1) small areas of osteogenic cells (cartilage model laid down)
2) osteoblasts produce bone collar and blood supply develops
3) cells in diaphysis (shaft of long bone) differentiate into blastocysts - primary ossification centres
4) osteoclasts erode centre of diaphysis to create bone marrow cavity
5) secondary ossification centres develop in the epiphyses (the expanded articular end of a long bone) and epiphyses cartilage is replaced by bone
6) thin plates of cartilage remain at the metaphysis

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what continues to be laid down during bone growth

new cartalidge at the epiphyseal side of epiphyseal plate (end of bones). As epiphysel plate narrows bone growth is reduced

for how long will the bone continue to grow

for as long as the rate of cartilage growth exceeds the rate of osteoblast activity as its the osteoblasts that replace the cartilage with bone

what 3 hormones increase bone growth at puberty

sex, growth and thyroid hormones

when are bones remodelled

as calcium salts are deposited and reabsorbed as required bones are thickened to increase strength e.g back of head old bone renewed and injured bone replaced

what is the symbol used for fracture/break

what are the 2 types of fracture

compound (open-goes through the skin) | simple (closed)

what are 6 classifications of break/fracture

``` greenstick (kids mostly, like broken green twig, stays together a bit) comminuted (fragments) linear (in line with direction of bone) transverse (across bone) oblique (diagonal across bone) spiral (twisted oblique) ```

how many stages are there to bone healing and how long does it take

4 stages, takes 8 weeks

what are the stages of bone healing

1) haematoma formation (blood clot forms around ends) 2) area invaded by capillaries, macrophages etc. soft callus forms 3) soft callus hardens by mineral deposition (bony callus) 4) remodelling of osteoclasts

what factors delay healing

``` inefficient blood supply tissue fragments between bone ends poor alignment of bone ends infection continued mobility of bone ends others (malnutrition, ageing etc) ```

what is the area where 2 bones meet called

a joint (articulation)

what are the 3 functional classifications of joints

synarthrosis - little or no movement e.g suture ampiarthrosis - slightly moveable e.g intervertebral disc diarthroses - freely moveable e.g hip

what are the 3 structural classifications of joints

cartilaginous - bones held together by cartilage e.g intervertebral disc fibrous - bones held together by collagenous fibres e.g skull sutures synovial - bones separated by a joint cavity and enclosed in a fibrous capsule e.g hip

what allows synovial joints to move more freely

synovial fluid

synovial joints are classified into 6 types, what are they

``` ball and socket (shoulder) hinge (elbow) gliding (between clavicle and sternum) pivot (atlantoaxial - shake head) ellipsoid (radiocarpal - wrist) saddle (thumb) ```

how many bones are there in axial skeleton

80 - skull, vertebral column and thorax (ribs)

what is the function of the skull

encase and protect the brain

what is the function of the vertebral column

supports the body | protects the spinal cord

name the sections of vertebrae from top to bottom and the number of vertebrae in each

``` cervical - 7 thorasic - 12 lumbar - 5 sacral - 5 (fused) coccyx - 4 (fused) ```

what is the job of the ribs

protect the contents of the thorax

how many pairs of ribs are there

12 all together true - 7 false - 3 floating - 2

what are the 3 parts of the sternum from top to bottom (breastbone)

manubrium body xiphisternum

what does the appendicular skeleton consist of

``` (26 bones altogether) pectoral girdle upper limb pelvic girdle lower limb ```

what does the pectoral girdle consist of

scapulae and clavicles

what is the pectoral girdle responsible for

positioning of the shoulder and facilitating movement of the arm

what is the proper name for shoulder blade

scapula

what parts make up the shoulder

the scapula joins the head of humerus and the glenoid process (ball and socket joint)

what is another name for collar bone

clavicle

what is the upper limb made up of

arm, forearm, hand

what is the humerus

bone of the arm that finishes at the elbow

which parts of the humerus are commonly fractured

greater (outside) tubercle (shoulder end) | medial and lateral epicondyles (elbow end)

what are the 2 bones of the forearm

radius (bigger bone) and ulnar

what are key landmarks on the ulna

``` olecranon (pointy bit) head styloid process (wrist lump) ```

what are key landmarks on the radius

head | styloid process

what are the 3 different bones of the hand called from wrist to fingers

carpals, metacarpals and phalanges

what is the pelvic girdle made up of

sacrum and 2 os coxae

what are the names of the 3 bones that make up each os coxae and where do they fuse

ilium (sticky out bits) , ischium (under bum) and pubis (front) fuse at the acetabulum

what is the lower limb made up of

thigh, leg, foot

what are important landmarks of the femur

neck (next to head) greater (outside) and lesser (inside) trochanters (either side of neck) patella surface (knee end) medial and lateral condyles (two lumps at end of femur)

what are the leg bones called

tibia (big) and fibula (small)

what are important landmarks of the tibia

``` medial and lateral tibial condyles (knee end) medial malleolus (ankle end) ```

what are the important landmarks of the fibula

head | lateral malleolus

what is the proper name for knee cap

patella

what kind of bone is the patella made up of

sesamoid bone (bone which is embedded within a tendon). it develops into quadriceps tendon

what are the names of the bones from the heel of the foot to the toes

talsals (heel) metatarsals phalanges (toes)