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anatomy and physiology > skeletal system > Flashcards

skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 5 functions of the skeletal system

A 
structural support
protection of internal organs
provides leverage for movement
stores calcium
produces blood cells
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2
Q

bone is a specialised form of what

A

connective tissue

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3
Q

cells are suspended in a matrix but what hardens the matrix

A

mineral salts

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4
Q

what is the name of the organic component found in bone

A

osteoid (collagen and protein)

strong and flexible

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5
Q

what is the name of the inorganic component of bone

A

Hydroxyapatite (calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate)

hard and relatively inflexible, brittle

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6
Q

what makes bones strong but flexible

A

combination of organic and inorganic compounds

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7
Q

how many types of bone cell are there

A

4

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8
Q

what do osteoblasts do

A

produce new bone
secrete osteoid (organic compound)
responsible for mineral deposition

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9
Q

what do osteocytes do

A

mature bone cells
located within lacunae (nests) within the bone
maintain the matrix (ensure well nourished)

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10
Q

what do osteoclasts do

A

remove mineral from the matrix

responsible for bone remodelling (break down bone a bit like phagocytes and free up mineral to use for plasma)

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11
Q

what do osteogenic stem cells do

A

found in periostem and endosteum. develop into osteoblasts (new bone)

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12
Q

what are the 2 types of bone tissue

A 
compact bone (surface of bone)
cancellous (spongy interior)
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13
Q

what is the name of the functional unit of compact bone

A

osteon (Haversian system) consists of haversian canal with artery running through it

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14
Q

are osteons aligned in the same or opposite direction

A

same to give the bone strength

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15
Q

what is callous bone made up of and how are they arranged

A

trabeculae - arranged haphazardly

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16
Q

what is in between trabeculae

A

bone marrow

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17
Q

draw and label long bone

A

draw it

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18
Q

what are the 2 types of bone marrow

A

red bone marrow (myeloid tissue - haemopoietic produces blood cells)
yellow bone marrow (fatty tissue that can onlybe stimulated to produce blood cells again in severe anaemia)

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19
Q

which age group has increased bone marrow

A

children as needed to grow as well as replace

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20
Q

what are the 4 shapes of bone and give an example of each

A

long (femur)
short (carpals)
flat (sternum)
irregular (vertebrae)

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21
Q

draw flat bone

A

draw it - NOT PRINTED!

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22
Q

what is the difference between intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification

A 
intramembranous ossification (no cartilage phase - flat bones and clavicles) 
endochondral ossification (cartilage phase - long, short and irregular bones)
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23
Q

how many stages are there for intramembranous ossification and what are they

A

3

1) mesenchymal cells secrete osteoid and later defrentiate into osteoblasts (which produce new bone) and the decomposition of calcium salts lead to calcification.
2) blood vessels grow into area to supply oxygen and nutrients
3) initially cancellous bone but later compact bone develops

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24
Q

how many stages are there for endochondral ossification and what are they

A

6

1) small areas of osteogenic cells (cartilage model laid down)
2) osteoblasts produce bone collar and blood supply develops
3) cells in diaphysis (shaft of long bone) differentiate into blastocysts - primary ossification centres
4) osteoclasts erode centre of diaphysis to create bone marrow cavity
5) secondary ossification centres develop in the epiphyses (the expanded articular end of a long bone) and epiphyses cartilage is replaced by bone
6) thin plates of cartilage remain at the metaphysis

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25
Q

what continues to be laid down during bone growth

A

new cartalidge at the epiphyseal side of epiphyseal plate (end of bones). As epiphysel plate narrows bone growth is reduced

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26
Q

for how long will the bone continue to grow

A

for as long as the rate of cartilage growth exceeds the rate of osteoblast activity as its the osteoblasts that replace the cartilage with bone

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27
Q

what 3 hormones increase bone growth at puberty

A

sex, growth and thyroid hormones

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28
Q

when are bones remodelled

A

as calcium salts are deposited and reabsorbed as required
bones are thickened to increase strength e.g back of head
old bone renewed and injured bone replaced

29
Q

what is the symbol used for fracture/break

A

#

30
Q

what are the 2 types of fracture

A

compound (open-goes through the skin)

simple (closed)

31
Q

what are 6 classifications of break/fracture

A 
greenstick (kids mostly, like broken green twig, stays together a bit)
comminuted (fragments)
linear (in line with direction of bone)
transverse (across bone)
oblique (diagonal across bone)
spiral (twisted oblique)
32
Q

how many stages are there to bone healing and how long does it take

A

4 stages, takes 8 weeks

33
Q

what are the stages of bone healing

A

1) haematoma formation (blood clot forms around ends)
2) area invaded by capillaries, macrophages etc. soft callus forms
3) soft callus hardens by mineral deposition (bony callus)
4) remodelling of osteoclasts

34
Q

what factors delay healing

A 
inefficient blood supply
tissue fragments between bone ends
poor alignment of bone ends
infection
continued mobility of bone ends
others (malnutrition, ageing etc)
35
Q

what is the area where 2 bones meet called

A

a joint (articulation)

36
Q

what are the 3 functional classifications of joints

A

synarthrosis - little or no movement e.g suture
ampiarthrosis - slightly moveable e.g intervertebral disc
diarthroses - freely moveable e.g hip

37
Q

what are the 3 structural classifications of joints

A

cartilaginous - bones held together by cartilage e.g intervertebral disc
fibrous - bones held together by collagenous fibres e.g skull sutures
synovial - bones separated by a joint cavity and enclosed in a fibrous capsule e.g hip

38
Q

what allows synovial joints to move more freely

A

synovial fluid

39
Q

synovial joints are classified into 6 types, what are they

A 
ball and socket (shoulder)
hinge (elbow)
gliding (between clavicle and sternum)
pivot (atlantoaxial - shake head)
ellipsoid (radiocarpal - wrist)
saddle (thumb)
40
Q

how many bones are there in axial skeleton

A

80 - skull, vertebral column and thorax (ribs)

41
Q

what is the function of the skull

A

encase and protect the brain

42
Q

what is the function of the vertebral column

A

supports the body

protects the spinal cord

43
Q

name the sections of vertebrae from top to bottom and the number of vertebrae in each

A 
cervical -  7
thorasic - 12
lumbar - 5
sacral - 5 (fused)
coccyx - 4 (fused)
44
Q

what is the job of the ribs

A

protect the contents of the thorax

45
Q

how many pairs of ribs are there

A

12 all together
true - 7
false - 3
floating - 2

46
Q

what are the 3 parts of the sternum from top to bottom (breastbone)

A

manubrium
body
xiphisternum

47
Q

what does the appendicular skeleton consist of

A 
(26 bones altogether)
pectoral girdle 
upper limb
pelvic girdle 
lower limb
48
Q

what does the pectoral girdle consist of

A

scapulae and clavicles

49
Q

what is the pectoral girdle responsible for

A

positioning of the shoulder and facilitating movement of the arm

50
Q

what is the proper name for shoulder blade

A

scapula

51
Q

what parts make up the shoulder

A

the scapula joins the head of humerus and the glenoid process (ball and socket joint)

52
Q

what is another name for collar bone

A

clavicle

53
Q

what is the upper limb made up of

A

arm, forearm, hand

54
Q

what is the humerus

A

bone of the arm that finishes at the elbow

55
Q

which parts of the humerus are commonly fractured

A

greater (outside) tubercle (shoulder end)

medial and lateral epicondyles (elbow end)

56
Q

what are the 2 bones of the forearm

A

radius (bigger bone) and ulnar

57
Q

what are key landmarks on the ulna

A 
olecranon (pointy bit)
head
styloid process (wrist lump)
58
Q

what are key landmarks on the radius

A

head

styloid process

59
Q

what are the 3 different bones of the hand called from wrist to fingers

A

carpals, metacarpals and phalanges

60
Q

what is the pelvic girdle made up of

A

sacrum and 2 os coxae

61
Q

what are the names of the 3 bones that make up each os coxae and where do they fuse

A

ilium (sticky out bits) , ischium (under bum) and pubis (front) fuse at the acetabulum

62
Q

what is the lower limb made up of

A

thigh, leg, foot

63
Q

what are important landmarks of the femur

A

neck (next to head)
greater (outside) and lesser (inside) trochanters (either side of neck)
patella surface (knee end)
medial and lateral condyles (two lumps at end of femur)

64
Q

what are the leg bones called

A

tibia (big) and fibula (small)

65
Q

what are important landmarks of the tibia

A 
medial and lateral tibial condyles (knee end)
medial malleolus (ankle end)
66
Q

what are the important landmarks of the fibula

A

head

lateral malleolus

67
Q

what is the proper name for knee cap

A

patella

68
Q

what kind of bone is the patella made up of

A

sesamoid bone (bone which is embedded within a tendon). it develops into quadriceps tendon

69
Q

what are the names of the bones from the heel of the foot to the toes

A

talsals (heel)
metatarsals
phalanges (toes)

anatomy and physiology (15 decks)

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