Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

anatomy and physiology > digestive system > Flashcards

digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

draw a diagram showing 9 abdominal regions

A

from top left to right: right hypocondruim, epigastrium, left hypocondrium

middle: right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar
bottom: right iliac, hypogastrium (suprapubic), left iliac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the function of the digestive system

A

to prepare food for cellular consumption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

which 2 abdomen landmarks are in the rib area

A

xiphisternum and costal margin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

which abdomen landmark is in the hip area

A

iliac crest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

which abdomen landmark is in the pubic region

A

inguinal ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the abdominal quadrants called and what is the name of the area which goes across the abdomen across the centre of the four quadrants

A

right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant and left lower quadrant. The trans-umbilical plane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the peritoneum

A

double layered serous layer which covers the abdominal and pelvic cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the 2 layers of the peritoneum called and what do they cover

A

parietal peritoneum - lines body wall

visceral peritoneum - covers organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the name of the disease which is caused by fluid filling the peritoneal cavity

A

peritonitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

which organs are fully covered by peritoneum

A

stomach, part of small intestines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

which organs are partly covered by peritoneum

A

pancreas, part of duodenum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the names of the 2 specialised parts of the peritoneum and what do they do

A

mesentery - attaches an organ to the body wall

omentum - attaches one organ to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the 4 layers of the gastrointestinal tract

A

mucosa (inner most)
submucosa
muscularis externa
serosa/adventia (outer most)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the structure/role of the mucosa layer

A

smooth muscle. protective, secretive/absorbative. contains vessles, glands and lymphoid tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the structure/role of the submucosa layer

A

dense connective tissue that supports the mocosa. contains part of enteric plexus (nervous system of GI tract)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the structure/role of the muscularis externa/propria

A

smooth muscle (inner circular, outer longitudinal. responsible for peristalsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the structure/role of the serosa/adventia?

A

serous membrane that covers those structures within the peritoneal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the names of the 3 branches of the abdominal aorta which supply blood to the GI tract

A

celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, inferior mescenteric artery (from top to bottom)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

blood from which digestive system organs drains to the liver via the hepatic portal system

A

stomach, pancreas, small and large intestines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

the autonomic nervous system is responsible for long or short reflexes

A

long - eg large scale peristalsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what controls the short reflexes e.g local peristalsis and glandular secretion

A

the enteric nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what which part of the layers of gastrointestinal tract is the enteric nervous system located

A

submucosal and myenteric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

the enterendocrine glands secrete which 3 hormones

A

gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what parts of the body are used for chewing (mastication)

A

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, temporomandibular joint and muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

where does churning occur

A

stomach and large intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what does mechanical digestion do

A

breaks down the food into a bolus with a greater surface area to facilitate digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what does segmentation do and where does it occur?

A

mixes bolus with enzymes and flattens it out. occurs in small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is propulsion

A

the movement of digestive materials along the tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what are the 3 stages of swallowing

A

oral, pharyngeal, oesophageal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is peristalsis

A

waves of muscular contractions that move the bolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what are mass movements and where do they occur

A

powerful peristaltic contractions that push bolus into rectum stimulated by distension (enlargement) of stomach and duodenum. can produce urge to defecate. occurs in the large intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what stimulates the defication reflex

A

faeces in the rectum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what happens to the internal and external sphincters upon defecation

A

the internal sphincter relaxes and external sphincter contracted - requires conscious effort to relax external sphincter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

during chemical digestion what are carbohydrates, proteins and lipids broken down into

A

carbohydrates - simple sugars
proteins - amino acids
lipids - fatty acids and monoglycerides

35
Q

where are carbohydrates broken down

A

mouth (initiated by salivary amylase) and small intestine

36
Q

where are proteins broken down

A

stomach and small intestine

37
Q

where are lipids broken down

A

mouth (lingual lipase) and small intestine

38
Q

what do exocrine glands (salivary glands) release

A

enzymes (salivary amylase), water, salts mucus and buffers

39
Q

what do cells of the stomach, small intestine and liver release

A

enzymes, water, salts mucus, buffers plus bile

40
Q

what do endocrine glands such as the pancreas and neuroendocrine cells of the stomach produce

A

hormones

41
Q

what is absorption and where does it occur

A

passage of substances across the digestive epithelium into the blood or lymph. occurs in the stomach, small and large intestine (mostly small)

42
Q

what 3 things does the GI tract have to protect itself against

A

acids, mechanical trauma and bacteria

43
Q

what are the 3 glands of the mouth called and what do they produce

A

parotid, sublingual, submandibular. they produce salivary amylase, serous fluid, mucin (lubrication), lysosome (antibacterial) immunoglobulin (bicarb)

44
Q

what are the 3 parts of the oesophagus and what type of muscle are each part made up of

A

upper 3rd (skeletal) middle third (mixed) lower (smooth)

45
Q

where is the stomach located

A

in the epigastrum

46
Q

what are the functions of the stomach

A

storage, mech and chem digestion (pepsinogen), protection, absorbtion, production of intrinsic factor

47
Q

what are the special features of the stomach

A

it has rugae (folds that flatten when stomach is full)
extra layer of muscle to help churning
stomach has gastric pits and gastric glands which produce enzymes

48
Q

what are the four secretary cells of the stomach and what do they produce

A 
mucous cells and mucous neck cells (mucous)
parietal cells (hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor)
Chief cells (pepsinogen)
Enteroendocrine (gastrin)
49
Q

what activates the secretion of gastric juices

A

high PH, gastrin, histamine, and ACh

50
Q

what does Hydrochloric acid do

A

kills microbes, breaks down connective tissue, activates pepsinogen by converting to pepsin which starts protein digestion

51
Q

what does gastrin stimulate

A

secretion of pepsinogen and HCL and contractions of gastric wall

52
Q

what does intrinsic factor aid

A

absorbtion of vit B 12

53
Q

what are the 3 phases that regulate gastric activity

A 
cephalic phase (sight smell taste of food)
gastric phase (food in stomach - gastric secretion stimulates gastric juice production)
intestinal phase (partially digested food arriving in duodenum slows down production of gastric juices)
54
Q

how many litres of fluid does the pancreas secrete each day

A

1.5

55
Q

where is the pancreas located

A

retroperitoneal (cavity behind the peritoneum), posterior to stomach

56
Q

where does the pancreatic duct open into the duodenum

A

at the sphincter of oddi

57
Q

which cells in the pancreas secrete exocrine enzymes and what enzymes do they secrete

A 
the Acini cells. 
Exocrine: 
propeptidases (trypsinogen, chymotrysinogen, procarboxpepsidase) 
amylase (carbs)
lipase (fats)
ribonuclease, dioxyribonuclease (DNA)
Endocrine: Islets of langerhan 
alpha: glucagon
beta: insulin
58
Q

what are the 4 lobes of the liver called

A

right, left, caudate, and quadrant

59
Q

what is the only digestion related function of the liver

A

bile production

60
Q

where is the liver located

A

right hypochondruim (upper part of the abdomen) and epigastrium (upper central part of abdomen)

61
Q

what is the livers main function

A

metabolism

62
Q

what does the gall bladder do

A

stores and concentrates bile

63
Q

what is the bilary tree made up of

A

liver, gb, duodenum (first section of duodenum) and various ducts (passage or channel)

64
Q

what are the 3 parts of the small intestine

A

duodenum, jejunum (most absorbtion), lleum (vit B12 absorbtion)

65
Q

what is the duodenal ampulla

A

Various smooth muscle sphincters regulate the flow of bile and pancreatic juice through the ampulla

66
Q

what are the 3 special features which increase surface area of the small intestine

A

plicae circulares (circular folds) villi, microvilli

67
Q

what are the 3 functions of the small intestine

A

mechanical digestion (segmentation), chemical digestion and absorbtion

68
Q

what hormone is secreted in the presence of fats and proteins

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

69
Q

what does CKK act on

A

pancreatic acini (enzymes)
gall bladder (bile)
sphincter of Oddi (relax)
stomach (decrease gastric motility and secretion)

70
Q

when PH levels decrease what is secreted

A

secretin

71
Q

what does secretin act on

A

pancreatic duct cells (water and sodium bicarbonate)
liver (bile)
stomach (decrease gastric motility and secretion)

72
Q

in protein digestion and absorbtion, what is the pro enzyme which converts trypsinogen to active trypsin at the brush border of the duodenum

A

enterokinase

73
Q

what does trypsin do

A

activates other propepsidases e.g chymotrypsinogen to cyrotripsin
procarboxypeptidase to carboxpeptidase

74
Q

what do activates papsidases do

A

break down proteins into amino acids which are then absorbed by facilitated diffusion and cotransport

75
Q

in carbohydrate digestion and absorption, what does pancreatic amylase do

A

breaks down carbohydrates into disaccharides and trisaccharides

76
Q

what converts disaccharides and trisaccarides into monosaccarides

A

brush border enzymes. For example…
maltase converts maltose into glucose and glucose
lactase converts lactose into glucose and galactose
sucrase converts sucrose into glucose and fructose
which can then be absorbed by facilitated transport by facilitated diffusion and cotransport

77
Q

in fat digestion and absorption, what emulsifies large lipid droplets into small droplets

A

bile

78
Q

what does pancreatic lipase do

A

breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol which then interact with bile salts to form micelles (coating)

79
Q

how can miccels enter intestinal cells

A

by diffusion

80
Q

what happens to glycerol and free fatty acids if not used at that time

A

they are resynthesized into triglycerides and coated with protein to form chylomicrons

81
Q

what happens to chylomicrons once formed

A

once secreted into interstitial fluid (solution that bathes and surrounds the cell) they diffuse into lacteals (A lacteal is a lymphatic capillary that absorbs dietary fats in the villi of the small intestine)

82
Q

what are the 5 special features of the large intestine

A 
taenia coli (3 bands of longitudinal muscle)
Haustra (pouches)
Epiploic appendages (fat globules)
crypts (instead of villi)
goblet cells (mucus)
83
Q

what are the 2 functions of the large intestine

A

absorption (water, electrolytes)

storage of undigested material (faeces: undigested fibre, bacteria, mucus)

84
Q

what vitamins do the GI tract synthesise

A

B & K

anatomy and physiology (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions