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anatomy and physiology > blood > Flashcards

blood Flashcards

1
Q

what can blood be described as when the clotting factors have been removed

A

blood serum

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2
Q

what are the 2 parts of blood

A

cells

matrix = plasma

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3
Q

what are the 3 functions of the blood

A

1) transports - oxygen, co2, h2o, wbc’s, waste products, hormones
2) protects - clotting, immunity, defense, inflammation
3) regulates - fluid, PH, temperature, hormones

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4
Q

what are the 3 properties of blood

A

1) viscosity (resistance to flow) e.g thick
2) osmolality (concentration)
3) volume e.g high volume = high BP

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5
Q

how much blood do adults have on average and what percentage is made up of cells and plasma

A

4-6L
plasma (55%)
cells (45%)

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6
Q

what separates cells from plasma

A

centrifuge

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7
Q

what is haematocrit volume and what is the average

A

% of total volume of cells in the blood - normally 40-45%

also known as packed cell volume Packed Cell Volume

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8
Q

what is blood plasma made up of

A

nutrients, gases, electrolytes (eg Na+), hormones, plasma proteins, organic waste products (e.g urea, creatinine, uric acid which are all breakdown products removed by the kidney)

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9
Q

what are the 3 plasma proteins

A

1) albumin - most abundant, produced by the liver and influences blood pressure, flow and fluid balance
2) fibrinogen and clotting factors - produced by liver
3) globulins - produced by plasma cells for immunity

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10
Q

how many RBS are there for every WBC

A

700

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11
Q

what is the alternative name for RBC’s

A

erythrocytes

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12
Q

what are erythrocytes responsible for

A

gas transport (co2 and o2)

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13
Q

what does haemoglobin do

A

caries oxygen molecules in the blood

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14
Q

what is the acid that haemoglobin produces and what is it used for

A

carbonic acid
co2 + water ↔ H2CO3
Carbonic acid is an intermediate step in the transport of CO2 out of the body via respiratory gas exchange.

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15
Q

what is the life span of an erythrocyte

A

120 days

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16
Q

what is the carbonic acid equasion

A

carbonic acid

co2 + water ↔ H2CO3

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17
Q

what are platelets made up of and what do they do - 6 things

A 
small fragments of megakaryocyte. 
secrete chemicals: clotting factors. 
vasoconstriction
form temporary platelet plug
dissolve old blood clots
attract wbc's to sites of inflammation in order to phagocytose bacteria
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18
Q

what is a megakaryocyte

A

is a large bone marrow cell with a lobulated nucleus

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19
Q

what does stasis mean

A

stop

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20
Q

what is haemostasis

A

a balanced interaction of blood cells, vasculature, plasma proteins and low molecular weight substances

perfect haemostasis means no bleeding and no thrombis

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21
Q

what is primary haemostasis

A

temporary platelet plug

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22
Q

what is secondary haemostasis

A

coagulation - stable clot

23
Q

what is the first thing to happen if a blood vessel is broken (2 things)

A

1) vascular spasm (constriction) caused by injury to smooth muscle
2) platelets release chemical serotonin

This provides time for the other 2 mechanisms to work

24
Q

what happens once constriction of the broken blood vessel has occurred

A

platelet plug formation (platelet adhesion takes seconds, platelet aggregation takes minute)

POSITIVE FEEDBACK cycle!!

25
Q

what is thrombin and what does it do

A

a clotting factor which converts soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin which forms a tight mesh for RBC’s to stick to

Calcium is needed for this process!

26
Q

what is extrinsic pathway

A

rapidly activated following tissues damage (seconds).

tissue releases chemicals called thromboplastin which initiates coagulation - Released from TISSUE

27
Q

what happens following platelet plug formation

A

Coagulation

clotting factors usually do nothing unless triggered to do so. once one activated then another - coagulation pathway

28
Q

what is intrinsic factor

A

slower activation than extrinsic. (minutes)

triggered when blood comes into contact with the damaged blood vessel lining (endothelium) - Released from BLOOD

29
Q

what does it mean if you have haemopholia

A

blood cannot clot

30
Q

why does clotting eventually stop

A

platelets produce chemicals to inhibit clotting

other substances such as heparin inhibit it too

31
Q

how does clot dissolve

A

Fibrinolysis

plasmin (a fibrin dissolving enzyme) dissolves the clot

32
Q

what is the most abundant plasma protein

A

albumin

33
Q

what is the most common wbc

A

neutrophil

34
Q

which wbc’s increase in number if there is an infection

A

eosinophils

35
Q

which type of wbc’s increase if c.pox or sinusitis, diabetes

A

basophils

36
Q

what is hypoxia and how does the body overcome it

A

hypoxia is lack of oxygen which is detected by chemoreceptors in the carotid body. this triggers the kidneys to produce EPO (erythropoietin) which stimulates the bone marrow to produce more rbc’s

37
Q

what is anemia and what is it caused by

A

lack of red blood cells from blood loss or lack of iron (microcytic) or folic acid, Vit B12 (macrocytic)

38
Q

what does aplastic mean

A

problem with bone marrow - failure of haemopoiesis

39
Q

is fibrin a clotting factor

A

Yes

40
Q

what determines the blood group

A

the antigen

41
Q

what is cross matching

A

Cross-matching (or crossmatching) blood refers to the testing that is performed prior to a blood transfusion in order to determine if the donor’s blood is compatible with the blood of an intended recipient, or to identify matches for organ transplants.

42
Q

how is mean cell haemoglobin calculated

A

haemoglobin concentration (g/l) of whole blood/red blood cell count

43
Q

arteriole baroreceptors

A

are sensors located in the blood vessels which detect change from the usual mean arterial blood pressure, returning the pressure toward a normal

44
Q

cardiac output is determined by

A

HR x Stroke Volume (the volume of blood ejected by the heart each minute)

45
Q

In blood grouping, blood group A will produce ?

A

Anti B antibodies

46
Q

what does the left ventricle of the heart do

A

ejects blood into the aorta which carries oxygenated blood from the left side of the heart to the system circulation

47
Q

on and ECG (electrocardiogram) recording of the electrical activity of the heart, what happens to atrial repolarisation

A

atrial repolarisation of masked by ventricular depolarisation

48
Q

An increase in mean arterial blood pressure may result from

A

an increase in cardiac output

49
Q

what is the normal BP for a healthy 26 year old male

A

120/80

50
Q

what is the normal rbc count

A

4.5-6.6 x 1012/L

51
Q

what is normal mean cell value (average red blood cell volume of 1 rbc)

A

78-100 femtolitres

52
Q

when is contraction of the heart more forceful

A

in the presence of adrenaline/nor adrenaline

53
Q

what is the difference between adrenaline and noradrenaline

A

Adrenaline is mainly a hormone while noradrenaline is mainly a neurotransmitter.

54
Q

Learn blood groups

A

learn them

anatomy and physiology (15 decks)

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