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anatomy and physiology > Immune system and infection > Flashcards

Immune system and infection Flashcards

1
Q

what is innate immunity

A

physical barriers
local anti-microbial substances
phagocytes and natural killer cells
inflammation/fever

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2
Q

what is adaptive immunity

A

clonal selection and memory
B cells and antibody-mediated immunity
T cells and cell-mediated immunity

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3
Q

define the immune system

A

a complex system responsible for distinguishing the ‘host’ from everything foreign and for protecting against infections

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4
Q

what must the immune system recognise

A

viruses
bacteria
fungi
multicellular parasites

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5
Q

what are the 6 immune tissues

A 
bone marrow
thymus
spleen
lymph nodes
lymphatics
blood
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6
Q

in the blood there are…

A 
WBC's...
lymphocytes
monocytes
neutrophils - 50% of wbc
eosinophils
basophils/mast cells
phils = granular, cytes = non-granular
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7
Q

in the lymph node there is…

A

parapcortex (TCells)
dendritic cells (antigen-presenting cells, usually present where opening to outside world)
T and B lymphocytes

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8
Q

what are the 5 stages of infection

A 
entry into body
replication and spread
disease
exit from the body (infect others)
reinfection
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9
Q

how do extracellular pathogens spread

A

lymphatics/bloodstream

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10
Q

how do intracellular pathogens spread

A

cell to cell contact

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11
Q

what is the order/time scale in which the immune responces act

A

preformed mediators (0-4hrs)
recruitment of innate immune cells (4-96hrs)
adaptive immune response (>96 hrs)

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12
Q

what are the four innate immunity methods of stopping infection

A

physical barriers
antimicrobial factors
phagocytes and natural killer cells
inflammation/fever

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13
Q

what are the physical barriers of the innate immune system

A 
respiratory 
gastrointestinal tract
eyes
skin
genitourinary tract
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14
Q

in innate immunity what are cytokines and what are chemokines, what is the difference

A

proteins that serve as messengers between cells. cytokines are the general category of messenger molecules, while chemokines are a special type of cytokine that direct the migration of white blood cells to infected or damaged tissues. Both use chemical signals to induce changes in other cells, but the latter are specialized to cause cell movement.

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15
Q

how do cytokines work

A

cells becomes infected with virus it produces IFN (?) which protects the inside of the cell and binds to the receptor on nearby cells and triggers anti-viral response

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16
Q

in innate immunity what does PAMP’s stand for

A

Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns

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17
Q

in innate immunity; cellular vectors, what are phagocytes? what are the 3 types and where is each one found

A

they are ‘eating cells’ - they ingest and kill microbes
monocytes - blood (most efficient)
tissue macrophages - tissues rarely in blood circulation
neutrophils (most neumorous) in blood

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18
Q

in innate immunity; cellular vectors, what are Natural Killer (NK) cells

A

white blood cells and tissue dwelling cells able to recognize and kill infected cells

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19
Q

what is histamine

A

As part of an immune response to foreign pathogens, histamine is produced by basophils and by mast cells found in nearby connective tissues. Histamine increases the permeability of the capillaries to white blood cells and some proteins, to allow them to engage pathogens in the infected tissues. responsible for vasodilation

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20
Q

when tissue is damaged, what is released and what is each thing responsible for

A

chemokines - tells wbc’s cells where to go
cytokines - tells wbc’s what to do, effect the behaviour of wb’s
histamine - vasodilation and increases permiability of blood vessels to wbc’s

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21
Q

after tissue damage, release of chemokines/cytokines/histamine, vasodilation and increased permiability to wbc.s of the blood vessel, what happens next?

A

the migration of inflammatory cells from the blood vessel and the leakage of clotting proteins

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22
Q

what 6 things happen during inflammation

A

1) vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessel
2) accumilation of blood
3) leakage of clotting proteins/clot formation
4) chemotaxis (movement of an organism in response to a chemical stimulus) of neutrophils/macrophages (type of phargocyte) and engulfment of microbes
5) death of phagocytes (formation of pus)
6) initiation of tissue repair

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23
Q

what 3 things happen during a fever

A

1) high temperature triggered by resetting hypothalamic thermostat triggered by toxins/cytokines (eg IL-1beta)
2) this inhibits bacterial growth
3) speeds up some reactions aiding repair

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24
Q

is the innate immune system enough

A

no, it provides a vital early response but is often not enough

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25
Q

what are the 3 cardinal characteristics of the adaptive immune responce

A

memory
specificity
discrimination between self and non-self

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26
Q

what is the adaptive immune system

A

a dedicated system of tissues, cells and and molecules that act in concert to provide specific immune responces

27
Q

what are the cellular vectors of the adaptive immune responce

A

lymphocytes

28
Q

are all lymphocytes the same

A

no, they are clonally distributed with respect to antigen specificity

29
Q

in adaptice immunity what 3 things does a specific interaction with an antigen induce

A

activation
proliferation
differentiation

30
Q

what does selective clonal expansion provide

A

1) immunological memory

2) differentiated effector cells for antigen elimination

31
Q

what are the two major classes of lymphocyte and where does each mature

A

T lymphocytes - thymus

B lymphocytes - bone marrow

32
Q

what 3 things do both T and B lymphocytes do

A

1) are specific
2) distinguish between self and non-self
3) provide immunological memory

33
Q

what is humoral immunity

A

The component of the immune response involving the transformation of B cells into plasma cells that produce and secrete antibodies to a specific antigen

34
Q

what is the role of a B lymphocytes or sometimes known as plasma B cells

A

they are efffector cells with synthetic/sectretory machinery for manufacture and export of large amounts of specific antibody

35
Q

what shape are antibodies (immunoglobulins)

A

Y shaped

36
Q

fact…

A

all antibody molecules produced by a single B cell or plasma cell have identical antigen specificity

37
Q

what is the name of a molecule recognised by an antibody

A

antigen

38
Q

what size are antigens

A

usually big molecules e.g proteins (most common) Carbohydrates, lipids, DNA

39
Q

What are the main classes of antibody

A 
IgG - blood and tissue antibody
IgM - blood antibody
IgA - secretory antibody
IgE - binds to mast cells and basophils (asthma) 
IgD - membrane receptor
(dont know if need to know this!)
40
Q

the different functions of antibodies are dictated by what

A

different heavy chains

41
Q

what is a typical antibody made up of

A

A typical antibody is composed of two immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chains and two Ig light chains.

42
Q

what are the 3 ways in which antibodies protect from infection

A

1) block binding of pathogen and toxins
2) Facilitate phagocytosis by eg macrophages/neutrophils
3) kill bacteria by activating complement

43
Q

if you dont have B lymphocytes what disease would you have

A

Brutons disease - recurrent respiratory/middle ear/skin infections

44
Q

what do T lymphocytes do

A

perform more functions than B lymphocytes
kill virus infected cells
resistance against intracellular pathogens
activates macrophages
help antibody responses
immunoregulatory function

45
Q

fact!

A

unlike B cells, T cells can help eliminate pathogens that reside inside host cells.

46
Q

what are the names of the 2 categories of cells which are produced by T and B cells when they proliferate

A

memory cells - the same
effector cells - go through differentation
CHECK if this is correct!

47
Q

fact!

A

Whereas B cells recognize intact antigen, T cells recognize fragments of protein antigens that have been partly degraded inside the antigen-presenting cell. The peptide fragments are then carried to the surface of the presenting cell on special molecules called MHC proteins, which present the fragments to T cells

48
Q

do T cells act over a long or short range

A

once activated, effector T cells act only at short range, either within a secondary lymphoid organ or after they have migrated into a site of infection

49
Q

do B cells act over a long or short range

A

B cells secrete antibodies that can act far away

50
Q

what does MHC protein do

A

display fragments of proteins from within the cell to T cells;

51
Q

which T cells kill virally infected cells

A

Cytotoxic CD8 T cells

52
Q

different immune responses for specific threats e.g

A

multicellular parasites require B cell responce and inflammation
fungi require cell-mediated immunity

53
Q

what do T helper cells do

A

most common T Cell

  • produce cytokines
  • stimulate B cells to produce antibodies
54
Q

what is SCID and why do you get it

A

Severe combined immunodifeciency disease - is when you have

55
Q

what are the symptoms of SCID

A 
failure to thrive
viral gastroenteritis
viral chest imfection
parasitic chest infection
bacterial septicemia
fungal urinary infection
56
Q

what is Digeorge syndrome and what does it lead to?

A

decreased or absence T number or function as do not develop Thymus or only develop small one.

57
Q

T Cells….

A

T Cells:
They are responsible for cell mediated immunity
Life span is long
Differentiate inside Thymus Gland
Absence of surface antibodies
Transformed in small lymphocytes by antigens
They secrete Lymphokines
Their sub population are Cytotoxic T cells, Helper cells and suppressor cells.
They stimulate phagocytes and B-cells into activity.

58
Q

B Cells…

A

B Cells:
They are responsible for Humoral immunity (recognise and bind to antigen then start clonal expansion)

  • Life span is short
  • Differentiate inside the Bone Marrow
  • Surface Antibodies present
  • Their sub population are memory cells and plasma cells
  • Transformed to plasma cells which secrete massive amounts of antibody into the blood which then label antigens as targets.
59
Q

what can digeorge syndrome cause

A

Leads to suseptability to viral, fungal, protozoal infections.
Also congenital development disorder, abnormal face/cleft palate/developmental delay, congenital heart disease,small/absent thymus

60
Q

which lymphocytes are more mobile

A

T lymphocytes.

B spend much of their time in lymphoid tissue (spleen and lymph nodes)

61
Q

what is cell- mediated immunity

A

T lymphocytes become sensitised to an antigen for the first time when they meet one. If the antigen has come form outside the body, it needs to be presented to the T lymphocyte on the surface of an antigen presenting cell e.g a macrophage. as the macrophage is indiscriminate it has ingested an antigen which it can then present to the T cell on its surface membrane which activates the T cell

62
Q

what are the 4 types of T cells

A

1) Memory cells- cell mediated immunity
2) cytotoxic cells - release toxins into target cells to inactivate them
3) Helper t cells - for both cell mediated immunity and antibody mediated immunity as they produce cytokines and stimulate B lymphocytes to produce antibodies
4) suppressor T cells - turn off T and B lymphocytes to limit potentially damaging effects of immune responce

63
Q

what are memory B cells

A

like memory T cells remain in body after episode been dealt with and rapidly respond to another encounter with the same antigen by stimulating the production of antibody-secreting plasma cells

anatomy and physiology (15 decks)

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