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anatomy and physiology > respiratory system > Flashcards

respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 functions of the respiratory system

A 
supply the body with o2
excretory organ (co2, h20, ketone bodies, heat)
maintain PH of body fluids
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2
Q

how many lobes does the right lung have

A

3

superior, middle, inferior

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3
Q

how many fissures (lobes divided by fissures) does the right lung have

A

2

oblique and horizontal

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4
Q

how many lobes does the left lung have

A

2

superior, inferior

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5
Q

how many fissures (lobes divided by fissures) does the left lung have

A

1

oblique

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6
Q

what surrounds the lungs

A 
pleura (2 parts) 
visceral pleura (covering lung)
parietal pleura (covering chest cavity)
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7
Q

according to position, what parts make up the upper respiratory tract

A

nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx

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8
Q

according to position, what parts make up the lower respiratory tract

A

trachea, bronchi (primary, secondary and tertiary), bronchioles, alveoli

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9
Q

according to function, what makes up the conducting zone

A

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

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10
Q

according to function, what makes up the respiratory zone

A

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli

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11
Q

what are the functions of the nasal cavity

A

warms, cleanses, humidifies inhaled air, detects oudors, modifies the voice,

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12
Q

what are the 3 parts of the nasal cavity

A

conchae (blood filled folds)
meati (channel between conchae)
paranasal air sinus (holes in bone, sinuses)

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13
Q

where is the pharynx and what does it do

A

extends from the nose to the larynx.

passageway for air and food, warms and humidifies air

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14
Q

where is the larynx and what does it do

A

connects laryngopharynx with trachea (made up of 9 pieces of cartilage)
maintains an open airway and where voice box located

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15
Q

what happens during swallowing

A

larynx pulled up, epiglottis moves down to cover laryngeal inlet (trap door)

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16
Q

where is the trachea and what is it made up of

A

below the larynx

made up of cartilage ring, smooth muscle and respiratory mucosa

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17
Q

what are the 6 parts of the bronchial tree top to bottom

A 
trachea
primary bronchi
secondary bronchi (3 in right lung, 2 in left)
tertiary bronchi 
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
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18
Q

do both bronchi and bronchioles have cartilage

A

no, just bronchus has cartilage

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19
Q

does the pulmonary (lung) artery carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood to the lungs

A

deoxygenated - carries it from the heart to the lungs to be oxygenated

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20
Q

what do the pulmonary (lung) veins do

A

carry oxygenated blood to the heart

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21
Q

what do bronchial arteries do

A

supply lung tissue with blood (don’t supply alveoli -capillaries supply alveoli)

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22
Q

what do pulmonary veins do

A

carry oxygenated blood to the heart

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23
Q

what is pulmonary ventilation

A

the exchange of air between the atmosphere and the alveoli of the lungs

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24
Q

what muscles are involved in quiet inspiration - sat down, relaxed

A 
diaphragm (80%) 
external intercostals (20%)
25
Q

what nerve is responsible for initiation of breath

A

phrenic nerve

26
Q

what is involved in quiet expiration

A

passive process based on elasticity of lungs

27
Q

what is involved in forced inspiration

A 
scalenes (muscles in the neck)
sternocleidomastoid (sides of the neck - Deadre Rasheeds!)
pectoralis minor (muscle in upper part of chest)
pectoralis major (chest)
28
Q

what is involved in forced expiration

A 
internal intercostals 
oblique and rectus abdominis muscles (abdomen)
quadratus lumborum (connects pelvis to spine)
29
Q

how does movement of chest wall help air to enter and leave the lungs

A

pressure differences between the atmosphere and the alveoli created by pressure difference in thoratic cavity and contraction and relaxation of respiratory muscles

30
Q

what is respiratory pressure

A

always related to atmospheric pressure 760 mmHg (mm of mercury) at sea level (the pressure exerted by the air or gases surrounding the body) - if no atmospheric pressure air would not go into lungs

31
Q

intrapleural (space between two membranes, filled with fluid) pressure (Pip) is how much lower than intrapulmonary pressure (pressure within the lungs). what does this mean

A

intrapleural pressure is 4mmHg lower than intrapulmonary pressure which prevents the lungs from collapsing

32
Q

what happens when you breathe in

A

rig cage expands/moves up and out, diaphragm flattens, pressure goes down due to larger space, draws air in down pressure gradient

33
Q

what is Boyles Law

A

when the temp of a gas is constant the pressure varies inversely with its volume - as volume increases, pressure decreases e.g during inspiration

34
Q

what is pulmonary compliance

A

the ease with which the lungs can be expanded

35
Q

during inhalation bronchioles enlarge - what happens to the resistance to airflow

A

it decreases

36
Q

during exhalation, as the bronchioles deflate what happens to the resistance to airflow

A

it increases

37
Q

how is lung function assessed - 3 ways

A 
chest sounds (presence of mucus)
pulmonary functions test using peak flow
spirometer (device which measures amount of air entering and leaving the lungs)
38
Q

what is FVC

A

Forced vital capacity - deep breath followed by rapid maximal exhalation, peak flow (>70% in healthy person)

39
Q

what is FEV

A

Forced expiratory volume - volume exhaled during the first second of a forced expiratory maneuver

40
Q

what is Henry’s law

A

amount of gas that dissolves in water is determined by its solubility in water and its partial pressure in air

41
Q

how much of oxygen is carried bound to haemoglobin

A
  1. 5% - Each haem portion of Hb can carry 4 molecules of O2

1. 5% carried in plasma

42
Q

what factors effect the affinity of hb for oxygen and how do they effect the oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve

A 
temperature
carbon dioxide
how acidic the blood is 
structure of hb
as oxygen affinity for hb decreases partial pressure decreases (?)
43
Q

what is partial pressure

A

the pressure that one gas in a mixture of gases would exert if it were the only gas present

44
Q

how is carbon dioxide transported

A

70% as bicarbonate (HCO3-) ion in plasma
23% bound to Hb in RBC’s
7 % in plasma

45
Q

what is the formula for carbon dioxide transport

A

CO2 + H20 ↔ H2CO3 ↔ H+ + HCO3-
Carbon Dioxide + water ↔ carbonic acid ↔ Hydrogen + bicarbonate
controls breathing as reversable

46
Q

if CO2 levels increase (e.g emphysema) what happens, what can this lead to

A

increases CO2, PH of blood decreases as more carbonic acid is formed. can lead to respiratory acidosis (PH < 7.35)

47
Q

if CO2 levels decrease (e.g panic attack) what happens, what can this lead to

A

PH of blood increases (less carbonic acid) as more carbonic acid is converted into CO2 (?) Can lead to respiratory alkalosis (PH>7.45)

48
Q

what is internal respiration

A

exchange of oxygen between blood and cells/tissues

49
Q

what is external respiration

A

exchange of oxygen between environment and internal body

50
Q

how is breathing controlled

A

CNS pons and medulla - repetitive stimuli are sent form the respiratory control centres (pontine centres) in the pons (brain) to the ventral respiratory group (VRG) in the medulla to Dorsal Respiratory group

51
Q

what factors influence rate and depth of breathing - 4 things

A

changing demands: exercise
altitude
disease
changing levels of co2, o2, h+

52
Q

What are the two types of chemoreceptors which help detect changes in chemical and what do they do

A

1) peripheral chemoreceptors: detect changes in O2. aortic bodies, carotid bodies, medicate 30% of the response to CO2
2) central chemoreceptors: detect changes in CO2, in medulla monitor cerebrospinal fluid and mediate 70% of the response to CO2

53
Q

what can happen to patients who retain CO2 for example COPD patients

A

their chemoreceptors adapt to constantly high paCO2 (hypercania) so a decrease in paco2 becomes their main respiratory stimulus (hypoxic drive). If given air enriched with O2 it takes away their hypoxic drive, their breathing slows and paco2 increases even more so

54
Q

what increased paCO2 level triggers a response

A

> 43mmHg

55
Q

what decreased paCO2 level triggers a responce

A

<37mmHg

56
Q

what happens if O2 levels (PaO2 levels) increase eg breathing in oxygen-rich gas

A

generates free radical which are toxic and can lead to coma and death

57
Q

what happens if O2 levels (PaO2 levels) decrease

A

must drop below 60mmHg before ventilation is increased otherwise central chemoreceptors switch off

58
Q

What are the key regulators of breathing

A

CO2 and H+

59
Q

What is hypoxia

A

Hypoxia (also known as Hypoxiation or Anoxemia) is a condition in which the body or a region of the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply.

anatomy and physiology (15 decks)

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