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anatomy and physiology > metabolism > Flashcards

metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What is metabolism?

A

What we do with nutrients once they are delivered to the cell

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2
Q

What are nutrients used for?

A

growth, repair and maintenance

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3
Q

Are macronutrients required in large or small amounts?

A

large

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4
Q

Are micro nutrients required in large or small amounts?

A

small

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5
Q

Name 4 macro-nutrients

A

carbohydrates, protein, water, fat

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6
Q

Name 2 micro-nutrients

A

minerals, vitamins

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7
Q

Nutrients that cannot be synthesized by the body and therefore have to be included in the diet are known as what nutrients?

A

Essential nutrients

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8
Q

Name the 3 groups of carbohydrates

A

Monosaccerides, disaccharides, polysaccarides (complex carbohydrates)

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9
Q

Name 3 monosaccarides

A

glucose, galactose, fructose

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10
Q

Name 3 disaccarides

A

sucrose, lactose, maltose

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11
Q

Name 3 polysaccarides (complex carbohydrates)

A

starch, glycogen, cellulose

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12
Q

What 3 things are are carbohydrates used for

A

Converted to energy; neurons and rbc’s depend on glucose.
Form structural components of other molecules e.g glycoproteins.
Provide energy stores in the form of glycogen. Excess stored as fat

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13
Q

How many g of carbohydrates are recommended per day?

A

230g - greater than any other nutrient

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14
Q

What are the 2 things fibre does?

A

absorbs water into the intestines and thus softens stool

provides bulk so speed up transit time

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15
Q

What is the recommended daily intake of fibre?

A

24g - excess can interfere with mineral absorption

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16
Q

What percentage of the body is made up of protein?

A

12-15%

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17
Q

What within the body is made up of proteins?

A

skeletal muscle, enzymes, hormones, cell membrane receptors

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18
Q

what happens to a protein once it enters the digestive tract?

A

it is broken down into amino acids, synthesised into new proteins. Transamination (chemical reaction between 2 chemicals) occurs in the liver

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19
Q

how many types of amino acid are there?

A

20

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20
Q

how many types of amino acid must be ingestedas they are not synthesized by the body?

A

8 - known as essential amino acids

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21
Q

Name 3 essential amino acids

A

Leucine, phenylalanine, glutamine

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22
Q

What do complete proteins contain?

A

all the essential amino acids

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23
Q

What are incomplete proteins missing?

A

one or more essential amino acids

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24
Q

What percentage of the body is fat?

A

men - 15% female - 25%

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25
Q

What are lipids (fats) used for?

A

Energy storage
Absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
Plasma membranes and myelin
Precursor of steroids, bile salts, vit D and prostoglandins (chemical mediators)

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26
Q

Does fat contain half the energy per gram than sugars and proteins?

A

No, fat contains twice as much energy as sugars and proteins

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27
Q

What is GDA for fat?

A

70g

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28
Q

what are the 3 types of fat?

A

saturated, unsaturated, cholesterol

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29
Q

what products do saturated fats come from?

A

animal origin e.g butter

30
Q

where do unsaturated fats come from?

A

nuts, seeds, vegetable oils

31
Q

where does cholesterol come from?

A

egg yolks, cream, meats

32
Q

Lipids are not water soluble so how are they transported in the blood?

A

As lipoprotein droplets - a fat coated in a protein coat

33
Q

what does density refer to when looking at lipid transport

A

It refers to the protein/fat ratio of a lipoprotein - high density has more protein/less fat

34
Q

what do Chylomicrons transport from the small intestine to the liver via the lymphatic vessels?

A

Triglycerides and cholesterol

35
Q

Name a type of lipoprotein

A

Chylomicrons

36
Q

lipoprotein density can be measured as 3 differing densities, what are these measurements

A

Very low density (VLDs)
Low density (LDs)
High-density (HD’s)

37
Q

what do VLDL’s do?

A

transport triglycerides and cholesterol from liver to adipocytes (cells that specialise in storing energy as fat) triglycerides are stored in adipocytes

38
Q

what do LDL’s do?

A

transport cholesterol to tissues e.g blood vessels

39
Q

What do HDL’s do?

A

these are empty shells which are made in the liver and transported to the tissues. They remove the cholesterol and return it to the lover for elimination

40
Q

Name 1 role of vitamins

A

act as co-enzymes (combines with a protein to make an enzyme)

41
Q

name 4 fat-soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E, K

42
Q

name 4 water soluble vitamins

A

B, C

43
Q

Name 3 minerals

A

calcium, phosphorus, iron

44
Q

define metabolism

A

the chemical and physical reactions that occur in the body to ensure continued growth and functioning

45
Q

what is anabolism? (not specific)

A

small molecules joined together to for complex structures - uses ATP

46
Q

what is catabolism? (not specific)

A

large molecules broken down into small ones - releases ATP

47
Q

1 kcal =?

A

4.184KJ

48
Q

What is metabolic rate?

A

rate of energy released from cells

49
Q

what is basal metabolic rate?

A

energy required to support vital organs at rest

50
Q

what is carbohydrate anabolism?

A

glucose converted to glycogen or triglycerides for storage

51
Q

what is carbohydrate catabolism?

A

glucose used to form ATP by glycolysis or the TCA cycle

52
Q

what is glycolysis

A

glucose splitting

53
Q

glucose is broken down into what?

A

2 pyruvic acid + 2 ATP are released

54
Q

If oxygen levels are low what happens to pyruvic acid?

A

it is converted to lactic acid (as lactic acid builds up it causes pain)

55
Q

If oxygen is present what happens to pyruvic acid?

A

it passes into the mitrochondrion to enter the TCA cycle. This produces 36 ATP so 38 in total.

56
Q

what is protein anabolism?

A

amino acids form new proteins

57
Q

what is protein catabolism?

A

amino acids enter TCA cycle, NH2 turns into NH3 (ammonia) which is removed in the urine

58
Q

what is lipid anabolism?

A

fatty acids and glycerol form triglycerides

lipogenesis - triglycerides formed from amino acids and glucose

59
Q

what is lipid catabolism

A

lipidolysis (break down of lipids)
glycerol - glycolysis
fatty acids - Acetyl-CoA (a coenzyme) - TCA cycle

60
Q

there are 2 metabolic states - what are they?

A

Absorptive - up to 4 hours after a meal (mainly anabolic)

Postabsorptive - 4 hours after meal (mainly catabolic)

61
Q

what are normal blood/glucose levels?

A

3.5-8.0 mmol/L

62
Q

name the 3 stages of blood glucose homeostasis

A

glycogenesis - synthesis of glycogen from glucose (creation of glycogen)
glycogenolysis - breakdown of glycogen into glucose
gluconeogenesis - synthesis of glucose from amino acids (creation of glucose)

63
Q

where is insulin secreted from?

A

beta cells of the islets of Langerhan in the pancreas

64
Q

what does insulin do?

A

lowers blood glucose - inhibits gluconeogenesis - IMPORTANT

65
Q

how does insulin work at cellular level?

A

increases the number of glucose transporters - LEARN GLUCOSE STUFF!

66
Q

where is glucagon secreted from?

A

alpha cells of pancreas

67
Q

what does glucagon do?

A

stimulates glycogenolysis and glyconeogenesis

68
Q

what does adrenalin do and where is it released from?

A

stimulates glycogenolysis. released from SNS adrenal medulla

69
Q

what do glucocorticoids (cortisol, cortisone) do?

A

stimulate glyconogenisis

70
Q

what are ketones?

A

should there be a lack of glucose (due to starvation or diabetes mellitus) the liver have to break down fat and protein….NOT COMPLETE - ASK HARRIETS MUM!!!!

anatomy and physiology (15 decks)

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