metabolism Flashcards by eleanor ferguson

What is metabolism?

What we do with nutrients once they are delivered to the cell

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What are nutrients used for?

growth, repair and maintenance

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Are macronutrients required in large or small amounts?

large

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Are micro nutrients required in large or small amounts?

small

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Name 4 macro-nutrients

carbohydrates, protein, water, fat

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Name 2 micro-nutrients

minerals, vitamins

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Nutrients that cannot be synthesized by the body and therefore have to be included in the diet are known as what nutrients?

Essential nutrients

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Name the 3 groups of carbohydrates

Monosaccerides, disaccharides, polysaccarides (complex carbohydrates)

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Name 3 monosaccarides

glucose, galactose, fructose

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Name 3 disaccarides

sucrose, lactose, maltose

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Name 3 polysaccarides (complex carbohydrates)

starch, glycogen, cellulose

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What 3 things are are carbohydrates used for

Converted to energy; neurons and rbc’s depend on glucose.
Form structural components of other molecules e.g glycoproteins.
Provide energy stores in the form of glycogen. Excess stored as fat

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How many g of carbohydrates are recommended per day?

230g - greater than any other nutrient

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What are the 2 things fibre does?

absorbs water into the intestines and thus softens stool

provides bulk so speed up transit time

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What is the recommended daily intake of fibre?

24g - excess can interfere with mineral absorption

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What percentage of the body is made up of protein?

12-15%

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What within the body is made up of proteins?

skeletal muscle, enzymes, hormones, cell membrane receptors

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what happens to a protein once it enters the digestive tract?

it is broken down into amino acids, synthesised into new proteins. Transamination (chemical reaction between 2 chemicals) occurs in the liver

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how many types of amino acid are there?

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how many types of amino acid must be ingestedas they are not synthesized by the body?

8 - known as essential amino acids

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Name 3 essential amino acids

Leucine, phenylalanine, glutamine

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What do complete proteins contain?

all the essential amino acids

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What are incomplete proteins missing?

one or more essential amino acids

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What percentage of the body is fat?

men - 15% female - 25%

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What are lipids (fats) used for?

Energy storage Absorption of fat-soluble vitamins Plasma membranes and myelin Precursor of steroids, bile salts, vit D and prostoglandins (chemical mediators)

Does fat contain half the energy per gram than sugars and proteins?

No, fat contains twice as much energy as sugars and proteins

What is GDA for fat?

70g

what are the 3 types of fat?

saturated, unsaturated, cholesterol

what products do saturated fats come from?

animal origin e.g butter

where do unsaturated fats come from?

nuts, seeds, vegetable oils

where does cholesterol come from?

egg yolks, cream, meats

Lipids are not water soluble so how are they transported in the blood?

As lipoprotein droplets - a fat coated in a protein coat

what does density refer to when looking at lipid transport

It refers to the protein/fat ratio of a lipoprotein - high density has more protein/less fat

what do Chylomicrons transport from the small intestine to the liver via the lymphatic vessels?

Triglycerides and cholesterol

Name a type of lipoprotein

Chylomicrons

lipoprotein density can be measured as 3 differing densities, what are these measurements

Very low density (VLDs) Low density (LDs) High-density (HD's)

what do VLDL's do?

transport triglycerides and cholesterol from liver to adipocytes (cells that specialise in storing energy as fat) triglycerides are stored in adipocytes

what do LDL's do?

transport cholesterol to tissues e.g blood vessels

What do HDL's do?

these are empty shells which are made in the liver and transported to the tissues. They remove the cholesterol and return it to the lover for elimination

Name 1 role of vitamins

act as co-enzymes (combines with a protein to make an enzyme)

name 4 fat-soluble vitamins

A, D, E, K

name 4 water soluble vitamins

B, C

Name 3 minerals

calcium, phosphorus, iron

define metabolism

the chemical and physical reactions that occur in the body to ensure continued growth and functioning

what is anabolism? (not specific)

small molecules joined together to for complex structures - uses ATP

what is catabolism? (not specific)

large molecules broken down into small ones - releases ATP

1 kcal =?

4.184KJ

What is metabolic rate?

rate of energy released from cells

what is basal metabolic rate?

energy required to support vital organs at rest

what is carbohydrate anabolism?

glucose converted to glycogen or triglycerides for storage

what is carbohydrate catabolism?

glucose used to form ATP by glycolysis or the TCA cycle

what is glycolysis

glucose splitting

glucose is broken down into what?

2 pyruvic acid + 2 ATP are released

If oxygen levels are low what happens to pyruvic acid?

it is converted to lactic acid (as lactic acid builds up it causes pain)

If oxygen is present what happens to pyruvic acid?

it passes into the mitrochondrion to enter the TCA cycle. This produces 36 ATP so 38 in total.

what is protein anabolism?

amino acids form new proteins

what is protein catabolism?

amino acids enter TCA cycle, NH2 turns into NH3 (ammonia) which is removed in the urine

what is lipid anabolism?

fatty acids and glycerol form triglycerides | lipogenesis - triglycerides formed from amino acids and glucose

what is lipid catabolism

lipidolysis (break down of lipids) glycerol - glycolysis fatty acids - Acetyl-CoA (a coenzyme) - TCA cycle

there are 2 metabolic states - what are they?

Absorptive - up to 4 hours after a meal (mainly anabolic) | Postabsorptive - 4 hours after meal (mainly catabolic)

what are normal blood/glucose levels?

3.5-8.0 mmol/L

name the 3 stages of blood glucose homeostasis

glycogenesis - synthesis of glycogen from glucose (creation of glycogen) glycogenolysis - breakdown of glycogen into glucose gluconeogenesis - synthesis of glucose from amino acids (creation of glucose)

where is insulin secreted from?

beta cells of the islets of Langerhan in the pancreas

what does insulin do?

lowers blood glucose - inhibits gluconeogenesis - IMPORTANT

how does insulin work at cellular level?

increases the number of glucose transporters - LEARN GLUCOSE STUFF!

where is glucagon secreted from?

alpha cells of pancreas

what does glucagon do?

stimulates glycogenolysis and glyconeogenesis

what does adrenalin do and where is it released from?

stimulates glycogenolysis. released from SNS adrenal medulla

what do glucocorticoids (cortisol, cortisone) do?

stimulate glyconogenisis

what are ketones?

should there be a lack of glucose (due to starvation or diabetes mellitus) the liver have to break down fat and protein....NOT COMPLETE - ASK HARRIETS MUM!!!!