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anatomy and physiology > cardiovascular systems, circulatory system, heart > Flashcards

cardiovascular systems, circulatory system, heart Flashcards

1
Q

what does the cardiovascular system consist of (3 things)

A

blood
heart
circulatory system

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2
Q

what are the 2 main function of the cardiovascular system

A

delivers gases, nutrients, and hormones to the cells and tissues

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3
Q

the circulatory system is made up of 3 parts what are they

A 
pulmonary circulation (heart and lungs)
systemic circulation (rest of the body)
lymphatic circulation
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4
Q

the arteries/vessels carry blood which way in relation to the heart

A

blood travels away from the heart in the arteries and returns to the heart in the veins

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5
Q

what are arteries and veins connected by

A

capillaries (site of gas/nutrient exchange)

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6
Q

in systemic circulation, blood rich in oxygen comes from which side of the heart

A

left

heart is described from the point of view of the individual - not an onlooker

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7
Q

is the systemic circulation considered high or low pressure

A

high

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8
Q

what is there instead of a carotid vein

A

jugular

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9
Q

draw arterial/venous system

A

draw it

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10
Q

in the pulmonary circulatory system, blood low in oxygen travels from which side of the heart to the lungs

A

right

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11
Q

is the pulmonary circulatory system considered high or low pressure

A

low

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12
Q

blood vessels must…3 things

A

endure changes in pressure
move with surrounding structures
remain open under all conditions

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13
Q

blood vessels have 3 layers what are they from outside in

A 
tunica externa (connective tissue)
tunica media (muscle)
tunica intima (endothelium)
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14
Q

blood vessel structure is modified according to function, what are the what are the five types

A 
arteries (elastic and muscular) 
arterioles
capillaries (continuous and fenestrated) 
venules 
veins
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15
Q

what are the 5 differences between arteries and veins

A 
arteries have thicker walls
arteries appear to have a smaller lumen
arteries maintain their shape
arteries are more resilient than a vein
arteries do not contain valves - veins contain many valves
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16
Q

what are the features of elastic arteries and name 3

A

thick tunica media (muscle) with many elastic fibres

aorta, brachiocephalic, common carotid

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17
Q

what are the features of muscular arteries, what do they do and where are they found

A

lots of tunica media and think tunica externa
distribute blood to muscles and organs
most arteries are muscular arteries

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18
Q

what happens in capillaries and what is their structure

A 
site of gaseous, nutrient and waste exchange 
thin walled (can be continuous fenestrated or sinusoid) 
found in skin, gonads, glomerulus, intestines, pancreas...
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19
Q

what is a capillary bed

A

10 - 100 capillaries supplied by a single metarteriole ( is a short vessel that links arterioles and venules)
have precapillary sphincters to control flow to individual beds

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20
Q

what are arteriovenous anastomoses

A

form direct communication between the arteiole and venule

serve as backup routes for blood to flow if one link is blocked or otherwise compromised

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21
Q

what do venules do

A

collect blood from the capillary beds and deliver it to small veins

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22
Q

what do veins (capacitance vessels) do and what is their structure

A

return deoxygenated blood to the heart

low pressure, thin walled, easily distensible

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23
Q

what 3 things does the lymphatic system consist of and what are its functions

A

a network of lymph vessels
lymph - fluid
lymphatic tissues and organs

functions: involved in the body’s defence mechanisms and provides a mechanism for the drainage of interstitial fluid (solution that bathes and surrounds the cells)

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24
Q

how does fluid move out of the lymphatic circulatory system

what is left behind

A

fluid moves into the interstitial space at the arterial end of the capillary (high pressure)
fluid moves back into the capillary at the b=venous end (low pressure)

15% of lymph is left which is then returned to the blood

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25
Q

what are lymph capillaries and where are they located

A

blind ended tubes what are located adjacent to capillary beds

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26
Q

what are the 2 lymphatic ducts called, what parts of the body do they drain and where does it empty into

A

Right lymphatic duct (right side of head and thorax and right upper limb) empties into right subclavian vein

Thoracic duct (remainder of the body) empties into left subclavian vein

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27
Q

lymph re-enters what

A

the blood vascular circulation

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28
Q

where is the heart located and what is it protected by

A

in the thorax between the lungs

protected by the ribs and the sternum (breastbone)

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29
Q

what is the pericardium

A 
2 parts 
Fiberous pericardium (outer)  - an inelastic sac of dense connective tissue that  wraps around the heart which prevents overfilling

Serous pericardium - (inner) two layers parietal and visceral separated by pericardial cavity which contains serous fluid and prevents friction

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30
Q

what are the 3 layers of the heart wall from the outside in

A

epicarduim (visceral pericardium)
myocardium (muscle)
endocardium (endothelium)

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31
Q

draw the general organisation of the heart

A

draw it -NOT DRAWN!

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32
Q

draw the anterior view of the heart

A

draw it

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33
Q

draw the internal view of the heart

A

draw it

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34
Q

why does the fiberous connective tissue separate the artia from the ventricles

A

to create a pause

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35
Q

draw the heart valves

A

draw it - NOT PRINTED!

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36
Q

how are atrioventricular valves opened

A

by blood flowing from the atria to the ventricles

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37
Q

what prevents eversion (opposite of invert) of the valves during ventricular contraction

A

tendon anchorage to papillary muscles - prevent backflow

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38
Q

what initiates electrical impulses within the heart

A

non-contractile cells

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39
Q

what does the SA node do

A

sets the rhythm

40
Q

what happens to the impulse

A

impulse spreads throughout atria and the remainder of the heart via the cardiac conductive system

41
Q

what modifies the rate

A

the ANS (autonomic nervous system)

42
Q

what does an electrocardiogram (ECG) do

A

records the spread of electrical activity through the heart muscle

43
Q

what are the ECG waves

A

P wave - depolarisation of the atria
QRS complex - depolarisation of the ventricles
T wave - repolarisation of the ventricles
-NO repolarisation of atria!!!

44
Q

why is the foetal circulation different from the adult

A

1) oxygen and nutrients received from the placenta via umbilical vein
2) need to bypass non functional lungs

3) circulatory shortcuts
- ductus venosus connects the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava
- Foramen ovale connects right and left atria
- Ductus arteriosus connects pulmonary artery to arch of aorta

45
Q

what is the function of the semilunar valves

A

opened by blood being pushed out of ventricles
blood flows backwards in the aorta and pulmonary trunk during ventricular relaxation - this pools in the cusps and pushes them shut - prevents backflow

NO chordae tendinae

46
Q

why is blood delivered to myocardium (heart muscle) during ventricular relaxation

A

because don’t want blood to enter when muscles contracted

47
Q

how much blood does the heart receive per min

A

250 ml/min

48
Q

where do most cardiac veins drain into

A

the coronary sinus which empties into the right atrium

the anterior cardiac veins drain directly into the right atrium

49
Q

what is an angiogram

A

determines whether there is a blockage in the coronary arteries - blockage can lead to myocardinal infarction and angina

50
Q

what are the properties of cardiac muscle

A

1) branching network of cells
2) cells are interconnected by intercalated discs which contain gap junctions
3) gap junctions allow ion transport between cells which promotes coordinated contraction

51
Q

cardiac cells are functional syncytium - what does this mean

A

A functional syncytium in a heart refers to a single cell or cytoplasmic mass comprising of several nuclei that have been created as a result of fusion of cells or through division of nuclei. The cells are then connected mechanically, chemically and electrically and hence called functional

52
Q

cardiac muscle is autorhythmic - what does this mean

A

generates its own rhythmic action potentials

53
Q

what happens to the lungs at birth

A

they expand - resistance in the pulmonary circuit falls

54
Q

what happens to the ductus arteriousus

A

it closes

55
Q

what happens to umbilical vessels

A

they close

56
Q

the 3 changes to the circulatory system at birth mean that pressure…

what does this lead to

A

pressure rises in systematic circulation and the left side of the heart
pressure falls in pulmonary circulation and right side of the heart

which leads to closure of the foramen ovale (fossa ovale)

57
Q

what are the 5 events that occur during 1 heart beat

A

1) ventricular filling - passive
2) ventricular filling - atrial sysole
3) isovolumetric contraction - the ventricles contract with no corresponding volume change
4) ventricular ejection
5) isovolumetric relaxion - an interval in the cardiac cycle

58
Q

what is the sound of the heart beating

A

the valves closing

59
Q

what happens during ventricular filling (passive)

A

atria and ventricles are relaxed
AV valves open - blood returning back to heart
semilunar valves closed
blood flows into atria, through open AV valve into ventricles

60
Q

what happens during ventricular filling (atrial systole) forcing of remaining blood

A

Atria contracts and force blood into ventricles (P Wave on ECG )

*At the end of this phase the end diastole is around 130ml in each ventricle

61
Q

what 4 things happen during isovolumetric contraction

A 
(QRS wave on ECG)
Atria relax and ventricles contract
pressure in ventricle rises
semilunar valves remain closed 
AV valves close (first heart sound - lubb)

*volume in ventricle unchanged - around 130ml in each ventricle

62
Q

what 2 things happens during ventricular ejection

A

1) ventricular pressure exceeds aortic and pulmonary pressure forcing semilunar valves open
2) blood is forced into aorta and pulmonary trunk

  • at the end of this phase the end systolic volume is around 60ml
63
Q

In this example how would you work out the stroke volume

A

130mls - 60mls = 70 (stroke volume)

64
Q

what happens during isovolumetric relaxation

A

(T Wave on ECG)

1) Ventricles relax
2) semilunar valves close (seconds heartbeat sounds (dub)
3) AV valves remain closed

  • volume in ventricle unchanged - around 60mls
65
Q

what happens after isovolumetric relaxation

A

back to the beginning of the cycle (AV valves re-open and cycle begins again)

66
Q

how do you measure cardiac output

A

Stroke volume x Heart rate

eg 70ml/beat (Stroke volume) x 75 beats/min (Heart rate) = 5, 250 ml/min Cardiac Output

67
Q

what is stroke volume

A

volume of blood ejected per beat

68
Q

what 3 factors affect stroke volume

A

1) degree of stretch of myocytes (preload) the more they stretch the more forcefully they contract - Starlings Law of the Heart
2) Forcefulness of contraction (contractility) regardless of stretch
3) pressure required to eject blood (afterload) the pressure in the left ventricle must be higher than that in the aorta in order for the aortic valve to be opened (similarly the pressure in the right ventricle must be greater than in the pulmonary trunk)

69
Q

what is preload (degree of stretch of myocytes) determined by

A

End Diastolic Volume (EDV)

70
Q

what is End Diastolic Volume (EDV) determined by

A

Venous Return (rate of blood flow back to the heart)

71
Q

what is VR determined by

A

volume of circulating blood

e.g pressure gradient between veins and heart, respiratory pump, skeletal muscle pump, gravity

72
Q

what can forcefulness of contraction be increased by

A

norepinephrine and epinephrine (SNS)

hypercalcaemia (high calcium levels)

73
Q

what can forcefulness of contraction be decreased by

A

hyperkalaemia (high potassium)
hypocalcaemia (low calcium)
myocardial hypoxia (low oxygen)
myocardinal hypercapnia (elevated carbon dioxide)

74
Q

Heart rate (pulse) varies across ages. what is a babies resting HR and an Adults

A

baby - 120bpm

adult - 64-80 bpm

75
Q

what is tachycardia

A

high HR (above 100bpm)

76
Q

what is bradycardia

A

low HR (below 60bpm)

77
Q

SA node fires spontaneously at 100 bpm but rate is modified by what

A

cardiac centre of medular oblongata ( the lower half of the brainstem)

78
Q

what are the 2 parts of the cardiac centre

A

cardioaccelarator centre: sends sympathetic impules to increase rate of firing at SA node (also stimulates cardiac muscle to increase force of contraction)

cardioinhibitory centre: sends parasympathetic impulses (via vagus nerve_ to decrease rate of firing at SA node

79
Q

what is the vagal tone

A

Vagal tone is an internal biological process referring to the activity of the vagus nerve. PNS (peripheral nervous system) activity maintains HR at approx. 70-80 bpm

80
Q

what is blood pressure

A

the force that the blood exterts on the walls of the blood vessels

81
Q

what is systolic BP

A

maximum pressure when ventricles contract - approx. 120mmHg

82
Q

what is diastolic BP

A

maximum pressure when ventricles relax - approx 80mmHg

83
Q

what is pulse pressure

A

Systolic blood pressure - diastolic blood pressure

84
Q

what is mean arterial pressure

A

diastolic blood pressure + one third of pulse pressure

85
Q

what is hypertension

A

Chronically high blood pressure - above 140/90mmHg

86
Q

what is hypotension

A

Blood pressure chronically low

87
Q

how do you measure blood pressure

A

blood pressure = cardiac output (stroke volume, HR) x Total peripheral resistance (TPR - pressure (average) in all blood vessels

88
Q

what is the only thing that can change TPR

A

vessel radius (determined by the sympathetic nervous system)

89
Q

what maintains the blood vessels in a state of partial vasoconstriction known as sympathetic tone

A

the SNS (somatic nervous system). Controlled by the vasomotor centre in the medulla oblongata

increased SNS activity = vasoconstriction
decreased SNS activity = vasodilation

90
Q

blood pressure is controlled by 3 mechanisms - what are they

A

1) local control - tissues can regulate their own blood supply.
2) neural (short term)
3) hormonal (long term)

91
Q

what can cause local vasodilation and local vasoconstriction

A

Hypoxia, CO2, lactic acid - stimulate vasodilation

Histamine, bradykinins, prostaglandins - stimulate vasoconstriction

92
Q

how does neural control control BP short term (3 centres)

A

baroreceptors in carotid and aortic sinuses constantly monitor blood pressure

Vasomotor centre: SNS - vasoconstriction to increase TPR (total peripheral resistance)

Cardiac accelerator centre: SNS - increases HR and force of contraction

Cardiac Inhibitor Centre: PNS - decreases HR

93
Q

How does the body lower BP should it increase (3 stages)

A

1) increased BP - increased firing rate to cardiac and vasomotor centres
2) stimulates cardioinhibitory centre - increased PNS activity to SA node - decreased HR
3) inhibits cardioaccelorator and vasomotor centres - decrease SNS activity - decreases HR and vasodilation

94
Q

what is venous pooling

A

Venous Pooling is also called as Venous distension. It is the distension
on the venous side of circuit due to the difference of the resistance and
the fluid volume within each vessels

95
Q

Pulmonary vein oxygenated or deoxygenated

A

Oxygenated-exception to the rule

anatomy and physiology (15 decks)

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