The Male Reproductive System Flashcards
1
Q
Es un organo glandular tubular ovoide alojada dentro del saco escrotal
A
Testiculo
2
Q
Capsula que Se encuentra en la superficie interna del saco escrotal formanda de tejido conectivo denso dandole forma de capsula
A
Tunica albuginea
3
Q
Capa externa de la tunica albuginea hecha de mesotelio
A
Tunica vaginalis
4
Q
De la tunica albuginea se invagina hacia dentro del testiculo formando septos definiendo Los
A
250 lobulillos
5
Q
Compartimientos piramidales en los cuales se encuentran de uno a cuatro tubulos seminiferos
A
Lobulillos testiculares
6
Q
Medidas de los tubulos seminiferos que se encuentran muy plegados
A
Diametro 150 a 250 micrometros y de 30 a 70cm de largo
7
Q
Porcion exocrina del testiculo
A
Tubulos seminiferos
8
Q
Entre los tubulos seminiferos se encuentran células epiteliales especializadas llamadas
A
Celulas intersticiales o celulas de Leydig
9
Q
Los tubulos seminiferos se encuentran revestidos por epitelio de tipo
A
Germinal estratificado
10
Q
Epitelio germinal del tubulo seminifero cuenta con dos tipos de celulas
A
Celulas de sostén o Sertoli y celulas espermatogenicas
11
Q
Se encuentran adheridas a la lamina basal del tubulo seminifero son altas con forma columnar irregular que en ocaciones llega a parecer una cruz, con nucleo pálido con nucleolo prominente ,las cuales captan testosterona controlando la espermatogenesis
A
Celulas de Sertoli o de sostén
12
Q
Tipos de celulas encargadas de la espermatogenesis
A
Espermatogonia Espermatocito primario Espermatocito secundario Espermatides Espermatozoides
13
Q
Celula movil, capaz de nadar, que consta de una cabeza la cual contiene un nucleo con la carga genética que tiene el padre, y una cola o flagelo
A
Espermatozoide
14
Q
La cabeza del espermatozoide mide
A
4 a 5 micrómetros de longitud y de 2.5 a 3.5 micrómetros de anchura
15
Q
Lisosoma especial, que se encuentra en los dos tercios anteriores del nucleo, con enzimas para la penetracion de las cubiertas del ovulo
A
Acrosoma
16
Q
La cola del espermatozoide mide
A
55 micrómetros de largo y en grosor varia desde 1.0 micrómetros de la base a 0.1 micrómetros de su extremo terminal
17
Q
La cola del espermatozoide presenta cuatro segmentos
A
El cuello
La pieza intermedia
La pieza principal
La pieza terminal
18
Q
Zona del acrosoma donde hay una condensación de su contenido y es donde ocurre la fecundación
A
Segmento ecuatorial
19
Q
Es el sitio en donde la cola se une a la cabeza del espermatozoide
A
Zona de implantación
20
Q
Inmediatamente después de la cabeza se halla …. Que tiene un capitulum denso que se adapta a la forma de la fosa de implantación
A
Pieza conectora
21
Q
Por debajo del capitulum hay
A
Nueve columnas segmentadas de 1.0 a 1.5 micrómetros continuas con nueve fibras externas del flagelo espermatico
22
Q
Debajo de la superficie articular del capitulum hay
A
Un centriolo proximal orientado transversalmente, existe otro centriolo distal orientado en el eje del flagelo ausente en espermatozoide maduro
23
Q
En el centro del flagelo espermatico esta el
A
Axonema que consta de dos microtubulos centrales rodeados por 9 dobletes
24
Q
El axonema esta rodeado por
A
Nueve fibras densas externas
25
La pieza intermedia del espermatozoide se caracteriza por
La presencia de mitocondrias orientadas circunferencialmente
26
Cuantas vueltas dan las mitocondrias en el espermatozoide
15 vueltas
27
Debajo de las mitocondrias se encuentra un anillo de material electrodenso al cual esta adherida firmemente la membrana flagelar
Annulus
28
La pieza principal del espermatozoide mide ..., formada por una serie de bandas electrodensas que figuran una parrilla costal
45 micrómetros de largo
29
La pieza terminal es
Solo el axonema cubierto por la membrana flagelar
30
La espermatogenesis en epitelio germinal se inicia por
La FSH
31
Celula esférica ubicada en la capa basal del tubulo seminifero y que va dividirse por mitosis
Espermatogonio
32
De mayor tamaño que el espermatogonio y realiza la primera división meiotica con el propósito de producir una célula haploide (23 cromosomas) e introducir una variante genética
Espermatocito primario
33
Es pequeño y es la celula que lleva la segunda división meiotica pero mantiene su numero de cromosomas de 23
Espermatocito secundario
34
Durante la espermatogenesis solo están incompletamente separadas
Espermatide
35
Es el producto de la espermatogenesis, siendo el gameto masculino y se libera de las células de Sertoli hacia la luz del tubulo seminifero
Espermatozoide
36
Celulas eosinofilas que contiene una gran cantidad de REL, lípidos y cristales de Reinke, producen testosterona
Celulas de Leydig
37
La testosterona es responsable de
Espermatogenesis
Desarrollo y mantenimiento de los conductos y glandulas accesorias a la reproducción
Características sexuales secundarias
El comportamiento masculino del apareamiento
El metabolismo en general
38
Una vez terminada espermatogenesis y liberado el espermatozoide en el tubulo seminifero, este debe de pasar por
```
Los tubulos rectos o vasa recta
La rete testis
Conductos eferentes
Epididimo
Conducto deferente
Conducto eyaculadores
Uretra
```
39
Es el primer segmento segmento del sistema de conductos excretores
Los tubulos rectos o vasa recta
40
Es un sistema plexiforme de espacios revestidos por epitelio cúbico y encuentran en el mediastino testicular, estructura adherida al órgano testiculo
La red testis
41
En un número de seis a 12 tubos revestidos por un epitelio columnar simple en grupos de celulas altas y bajas, la pared del conducto tiene musculo liso distribuido en forma circular, su función son la reabsorber el liquido que se emplea para mover el esperma fuera el testiculo y maduración del mismo
Conducto eferente
42
Conducto tubular plegado sobre sí mismo que está revestido por epitelio columnar simple con estereocilio no móviles que cuentan con celulas basales redondas y mas pequeñas dando aspect de pseoudoestratificado, con musculo liso escaso rodeado por TC denso y capilares
Epididimo
43
Es un tubulo largo y muscular que termina como una ampolla o ampula con pliegues de epitelio, su pared es gruesa capa de musculo liso distribuido de forma longitudinal en su porción interna, circular en su porción media, y longitudinal en la externa
Conducto deferente
44
Forman el cordón espermatico
Nervios, vasos sanguineos y linfáticos al igual que el musculo cremaster y epididimo
45
La eyaculacion se encuentra bajo control
Parasimpatico
46
Posterior a la dilatación ampular del conducto deferente y se encuentra revestido por epitelio pseoudoestratificado a columnar simple sobre capa de TC el cual no presenta musculo liso, este conducto va a llegar a la uretra prostatica a través del verumontanum
Conductos eyaculadores
47
Conductos eyaculadores va a llegar a la uretra prostatica a través de
Verumontanum
48
Es el conducto final del aparato urogenital masculino
Uretra
49
La uretra masculina está formada por tres porciones
Prostatica , membranosa, y cavernosa
50
Órgano glandular lobulado ubicado debajo de la vejiga
Prostata
51
La próstata se divide en tres zonas
Zona periférica
Zona periuretral
Zona anterior
52
Zona de la próstata que es la más propensa a desarrollar cáncer
La zona periférica
53
Zona de la próstata más propensa a sufrir hipertrofia y obstruir la vía urinaria causando retención urinaria en adultos mayores
Zona periuretral
54
La próstata se encuentra formada por
TC irregular denso y musculo liso entremezclados con la presencia de adenomeros que son de 30 a 50 glandulas tubuloalveolares simples
55
Tipo de epitelio de los adenomeros de la próstata
Epitelio cúbico simple
56
Acinos glandulares de glycoproteinas que sufrieron calcificación presentes en la próstata
Corpora amylcea
57
Órgano tubular retorcido varias veces sobre sí mismo con pliegues de su mucosa característicos con epitelio columnar simple, su secreción es licor seminal
Vesícula seminal
58
El licor seminal producido por la vesícula seminal esta compuesta por
Seminogelina y fructosa, prostaglandinas
59
Aporta energía a los espermatozoides
Fructosa
60
Pueden llegar a producir contracción del tracto genital femenino
Prostaglandinas
61
Is important for spermatogenesis, sexual differentiation during embryonic and fetal development and control of gonadotropin secretion in pituitary
Testosterone
62
Spermatozoa and the secretions of the accessory glands make up the
Semen
63
Tunica albuginea thick on the posterior side to form the
Mediastinum testis
64
During migration from the abdominal cavity each testis carries with a serous sac call
Tunica vaginalis
65
Tunica vaginalis consist of two layers
Outer parietal layers line the scrotum
| Inner visceral layer covering the tunica albuginea on the anterior and lateral sides of testis
66
Temperature maintain in the scrotal sac by a pampiniform venous plexus that surrounded each testicular artery
34 degrees.
67
Move the testes away from or closer to the body allowing control on testicular temperature
Cremaster muscle and thin dartos muscle
68
An excessive accumulation of serous fluid in one or both sides of the scrotal sac
Hydrocele
69
The failure of one or both testes to descend from the abdomen, occurs about 4% of male neonates
Cryptorchidism
70
Bilateral cryptorchism causes infertility if not surgically corrected by
2 or 3 years of age
71
Testosterone secretion by Leydig cells is triggered by pituitary gonadotropin called
Luteinizing hormone which is also called interstitial cell stimulating hormone ICSH
72
In the late embryonic testes gonadotropin from...... stimulates interstitial cells to synthesize the testosterone needed from development of the ducts and glands of the male reproductive system
Placenta
73
Interstitial or Leydig cells are very active in pregnancy in months...
Third and fourth
74
Percentage of testicular cancer that involves germ cell tutors
95%
75
Sperms are produce at a rate of about
2x10^8 per day in young adult
76
Each testis has from..... such tubules in its lobules and each tubule measures 150 to 250 micrometers in diameter and 30 to 70 cm in length
250 to 1000
77
The total length of the tubules of one testis about
250 m
78
Each seminiferous tubule linked by .... To the rete testis
Straight tubule
79
Number of efferent ductules that connect the rete testis to the head of the epididymis
10 to 20
80
The basement membrane of the germinal epithelium contain smooth muscle like
Myoid cells
81
The primary spermatocyte has
46 (44+ XY) content 4N
82
The first meiotic prophase last about
3 weeks
83
Secondary spermatocyte has
Only 23 chromosomes (22+X,22+ Y) and amount of DNA is 2N
84
Very short living cells
Secondary spermatocyte
85
All subsequent divisions of the daughter cells have incomplete cytokinesis remain attached to one another by
Intercellular bridges
86
The cellular events and changes between the final mitoses of spermatogenia and formation of spermatids take about
2 months
87
Four phases of spermiogenesis
Golgi phase
Cap phase
Across me phase
Maturation phase
88
phases of spermiogenesis in which Golgi apparatus is prominent and have proacrosomal vesicles coalesce as a single membrane limited acrosomal cap
Golgi phase
89
Specialized type of lysosome containing hydrolytic enzymes, mainly achyaluronidase and a trypsin like protease called
Acrosin
90
The acrosomal cap spreads over about half of the condensing nucleus
Cap phase
91
phases of spermiogenesis in which nuclei become more enlongated and very highly condensed with his tones replace by protamines
Acrosome phase
92
phases of spermiogenesis with uneeded cytoplasm is shed as a residual body
Maturation phase
93
Poor semen quality, with sperm cell density less than 10 - 20 million/mL
Oligospermia
94
Each Sertoli cells support ...... germ cells
30 to 50 germ cells
95
Tight occluding junctions between their basolateral membranes that form..., that prevents autoimmune attacks against the unique spermatogenic cells
Blood testis barrier
96
Three general function of Sertoli cells
Support, protection,and nutrition of spermatogenic cells
Exocrine and endocrine secretion
Phagocytosis
97
Sertoli secretion which concentrates testosterone to a level required for spermiogenesis promote by follicle stimulating hormone FSH
Androgen binding protein ABP
98
Sertoli secretion a glycoprotein which feeds back on the anterior pituitary gland to suppress FSH synthesis and release
Inhibin
99
Sertoli cells secretion that cause regression of the embryonic mülllerian (paramesonephric) ducts
Mülllerian inhibiting substance MIS
100
Acute or chronic inflammation of the testis, produced by infective agents occurs secondarily to a urinary tract, infection or a sexually transmitted pathogen
Orchitis
101
A result of sexually transmitted infections such as gonorrhea or chlamydia
Epididymitis
102
Epithelium of efferent ductules
Alternating patches of simple cuboidal nonciliated and simple columnar ciliated support by thin layer of smooth muscle
103
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with small basal cells and tall principal cells bearing long stereocilia support by circle smooth muscle initially with inner and outer longitudinal layer
Epididymal ducts
104
Pseudostratified columnar with few stereocilia with three thick layers of smooth muscle
Ductus vas defferent
105
Length of the three part of epididymis (head, body and tail)
4 or 5 m
106
Secrete glycolipids and glycoproteins and absorb water and remove residual bodies with long stereocilia, line epididymal ducts
Principal cells
107
Each vas deferens passes over the urinary bladder where it enlarges as an
Ampulla where the epithelium is thicker and more extensively folded
108
Within the prostate gland the end of the two ampulla merge with the ducts of the two seminal vesicles to form the
Ejaculatory duct which open in the prostatic urethra
109
Small incision is made through the scrotal skin near the ducts and each vas is exposed, cut, and cauterized, the most common surgical method of male contracepton
Vasectomy
110
Highly torturous tubes each about 15 cm long, unusual mucosa with folds that fill much of the lumen with simple or pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells rich in secretory granules, lamina propia with elastic fibers surround by smooth muscle making the 70% of the ejaculate
Seminal vesicles
111
Major energy source for sperm as well as inositol, citrate, and other metabolites
Fructose
112
Stimulate activity in the female reproductive tract part of secretion of seminal vesicles
Prostaglandins
113
Allows semen to coagulate after ejaculation
Fibrinogen
114
Percentage of seminal vesicles fluid in ejaculate
70%
115
Dense organ that surround the urethra below the bladder weigh about 20 grams, collection of 30 to 50 tubuloacinar glands embedded in a dense fibromuscular stroma in which smooth muscle contracts ejaculation
Prostate gland
116
Major zones around the prostatic urethra
Transition zone 5%
Central zone 25%
Peripheral zone 70%
117
Occupies about 5% of the prostate volume, surround the superior portion of urethra and contains the periurethral mucosal glands
Transition zone
118
Comprise 25% of the glands tissue and contains the periurethral submucosal glands with longer ducts
Central zone
119
With about 70% of the organs tissue contains the prostate main glands with still longer duct
Peripheral zone
120
A clinically important product of the prostate is..., that helps liquefy coagulated semen for the slow release of sperm after ejaculation
Prostate specific antigen PSA
121
Small spherical concretions, 0.2 to 2 mm in diameter often partially calcified are normally present in the lumen of many prostatic tubuloacinar glands, containing primarily deposited glycoproteins and keratan sulfate
Corpora amylacea
122
Three common problems of prostate gland
Chronic prostatitis involve bacteria or infectious agent
Nodular hyperplasia or benign prostatic hypertrophy occurring in periurethral mucosal glands with often leads to compression of urethra
Prostate cancer
123
Prostate cancer occurs mainly in glands of the
Peripheral zone
124
3-5mm in diameter, located in urogenital diaphragm and empty into the proximal part of the penile urethra, each gland have lobules with tubuloacinar secretory units surrounded by smooth muscle cells and line by a mucus secreting simple columnar epithelium that is also testosterone dependent
Bulbourethral glands or Cowper glands
125
During erection Cowper glands release
Mucus-like secretion that coat and lubricates the urethra in preparation for the imminent passage sperm
126
Erectile masses
Corpora cavernosa, are dorsal
Corpus spongiosum, surround the urethra
Glans
127
Penile Urethra is lined with
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium in the glans becomes stratified squamous epithelium
128
Small mucus-secreting are found along the length of penile urethra
Urethral glands
129
The corpora cavernosa are each surrounded by a dense fibroelastic layer the
Tunica albuginea
130
All three erectile tissues consist of many venous
Cavernous spaces line with endothelium and separated by trabeculae with smooth muscle and connective tissue continuous with the surrounding tunic
131
Central arteries in the corpora cavernosa branch to form nutritive arterioles and small coiling
Helicine arteries which lead to the cavernous vascular spaces of erectile tissue
132
Involves blood filling the cavernous spaces in the three masses of erectile tissue
Erection
133
Erection is controlled by
Autonomic nerves in vascular walls, parasympathetic stimulation relaxes the trabecular smooth muscle and dilates the helicine arteries, this enlarges the corpora cavernosa and causes to compress the dorsal vein against the dense tunica albuginea which blocks the venous outflow and produce rigidity
134
At ejaculation sympathetic stimulation.
Constrict the helicine arteries and trabecular muscle decrease blood flow into the space lowering the pressure
135
At erection sympathetic nerves produce acetylcholine that causes the vascular endothelial cells of helicine arteries and cavernous tissue torealease
Nitric oxide NO diffuse into the surrounding smooth muscle cells and activates gaunylate cyclist to produce cGMP, which cause these cells to relax and promotes blood flow for erection
