Blood Flashcards
Es un vaso sanguíneo que sale del corazón
Arteria
Es un vaso sanguíneo que llega al corazón
Vena
Cuantos litros hay aproximadamente en el cuerpo humano
5,000 ml de sangre, en la mujer hay poco menos que en el hombre
La sangre está formada por dos fases
Una fase sólida llamada elementos formes o figurados
Una fase liquida llamada plasma
Pequeña muestra necesaria para el estudio de la sangre
Alicuota
La porción sólida equivale al ..% del volumen total
43%
% de eritrocitos de la porción sólida de la sangre
99%
Fracción de eritrocitos precipitados se denomina, se expresa como una porción del total del centrifugado
Hematocrito
El hematocrito fluctúa en el ..% del total
50%
Un menisco entre el hematocrito y el plasma constituye el centrifugado de los .., equivale al 1% del total del centrifugado
Leucocitos y plaquetas
En el adulto varón el hematocrito normal fluctúa desde
El 41% hasta 53%
En la mujer adulta normal el hematocrito oscila
Del 36% al 43%
La porción sólida está formada por
Eritrocito
Plaquetas
Celulas monomorfonucleares
Celulas polimorfonucleares
Extendido sanguíneo en el que se coloca una gota de sangre sobre un portaobjetos empleando su borde se coloca angulado al primero y se extiende en forma rápida, uniforme y única hacia el otro extremo de la laminilla
Frotis
Frotis se deja secar al aire y posteriormente se tiñe con colorante
De Wright
No son celulas, debido a que no tiene nucleo, ni tienen la capacidad de reproducirse y no reacciona a estímulos
Eritrocito
Le da el color característico al eritrocito
Hemoglobina
Función principal de la hemoglobina
Acarrear oxigeno
Vida de un eritrocito
120 días, llega al bazo donde es captado y degradado para que sus componentes sean reciclados
Todos los macrofagos derivan de
Monocito
La ingesta de material por el monocito o el macrofago se llama
Fagocitosis
El proceso de fagocitosis y degradación del eritrocito se denomina
Hemocateresis
La mayoría de la hemocateresis ocurre en
El bazo llamada hemocateresis esplenica
Cantidad precisa de eritrocitos en el hombre fluctúa entre
4.5 y 5.9 millones/ mm3
Cantidad precisa de eritrocitos en la mujer fluctúa entre
4.0 a 5.2 millones/mm3
Los Ec son de forma… Debido a la ausencia de nucleo
De disco bicóncavo
Diámetro de un eritrocito
7.2 micrómetros
Espesor mayor de un eritrocito
2.1 micrómetros
Espesor en el centro de un eritrocito
1.2 micrómetros
Debido a su forma le da dos funciones especiales que son
Le incrementa la superficie de contacto con el plasma lo cual le permite una mayor intercambio de oxígeno y algo de dióxido de carbono
Le permite moldear su forma al paso por los capilares
Cuando el eritrocito se encuentra a una misma concentración de solutos en el medio extracelular que intracelular manteniendo su forma
Medio isotonico
El liquido tiende a salir de la estructura para tratar de compensar sutilmente las concentraciones extracelulares, vaciando su contenido liquido cambiando la forma del eritrocito a estrella o espinado
Medio hipertonico
Eritrocito con forma de estrella o espinado, fenómeno conocido como
Crenacion
El eritrocito el crenacion recibe el nombre de
Crenocito
Cuando el eritrocito se encuentra con menor concentración de solutos en el exterior que en el interior y trata de compensar y debido a la osmolaridad el liquido entra al eritrocito lo cual hace que adopte una forma esférica y posteriormente se rompa
Medio hipotonico
En un medio hipotonico al romperse el eritrocito libera la hemoglobina y deja únicamente el esqueleto de su membrana plasmatica conocido como
Eritrocito fantasma
Solo ocurre in vitro, los eritrocitos se agrupan uno detrás de otro como si fueran monedas apiladas y esto se conoce como fenómeno de…, se produce probablemente debido a los cambios en la carga eléctrica de la superficie del eritrocito
Rouleaux
Cuando se incrementa el número de eritrocitos
En una enfermedad o un estado de estrés en el cual requiere de mayor oxigenación
En una excesiva demanda de eritrocitos, se liberan glóbulos rojos aun no maduros que no han perdido su núcleo estas células se les conoce como
Eritroblastos
Cuando los eritrocitos cambia de tamaño en condiciones de enfermedad se les conoce como
Anisocitosis
Cuando los eritrocitos son de mayor tamaño o grandes se llaman
Macrociticos
Cuando los eritrocitos son de menor tamaño
Microcitos
Al cambio en la forma del eritrocito se le conoce como
Poiquilocitosis
Cuando los eritrocitos son formados con menores cantidades de Hb y se ven mas pálidos de lo normal son llamados
Hipocromicos
Cuando los eritrocitos tienen una cantidad adecuada de Hb se les llama
Normocromicos
Las plaquetas su cifra normal oscila entre
150,000 a las 450,000/mm3
Diámetro de las plaquetas
2.0 micrómetros
Son pedazos de citoplasma de una célula gigantesca que se llama megacariocito
Plaquetas
Función principal de las plaquetas
Coágulacion
Region mas gruesa de las plaquetas se llama …, la cual se tiñe de un color purpura intenso
Granulomero o cromomero
Region periférica mas delgada y pálida de las plaquetas
Hialomero
Los glóbulos blancos son
Leucocitos
Los leucocitos se dividen en
Granulocitos
Agranulocitos
Tienen un nucleo con formas caprichosas llamados polimorfonucleares es un tipo de leucocitos se llama
Granulocitos
Tienen el nucleo de forma ortodoxa llamados monomorfonucleares
Agranulocitos
Cifra normal de leucocitos fluctúa entre
4500 a 11500 leucocitos/mm3
Es un tejido fluido que se encuentra contenida en los vasos sanguíneos,arteriales y venosos
Sangre
Estudio para averiguar la numeración de los eritrocitos de una persona
Ht
La concentración de su Hb y su cuenta de leucocitos es lo que se llama
Biometria hamatica o BH
Los agranulocitos son dos
Linfocitos
Monocitos
Los granulocitos son tres
Eosinofilos
Basofilos
Neutrofilos
Leucocitos más abundantes en la sangre,la celula más abundante en la sangre es el
Neutrofilo
Proporcion de leucocitos varía entre
40% y un 70 % del total de leucocitos o 55% al 65%
3000 -5250/mm3
Segundo leucocitos más abundante
Linfocitos
% de linfocitos
22% al 44%
1650 - 3300/mm3
Representan el tercer tipo más abundante de leucocitos
Monocitos
Los monocitos representan
4% al 11%
300-825/mm3
Cuarto tipo de leucocitos más abundante
Eosinofilo
Cantidad de eosinofilo presente
0% al 8%
0-600/mm3
Celula menos abundante de la sangre
Basofilos
Los basofilos llegan a representar
0-3%
0 -225/mm3
Involucrados en la respuesta inflamatoria de tipo agudo , celulas redondeadas, su nucleo es polimorfonuclear y su citoplasma exhibe granulos neutrofilos y su nucleo presenta 3 lóbulos
Neutrofilos
Celulas redondeadas con un diámetro de 12 a 15 micrómetros de diámetro con un nucleo bilobulado unido por una hebra de cromatina, con granulos que generalmente se ven de color rojo
Eosinofilo
Celulas mas raras de toda la sangre, mide de 12 a 15 micrómetros de diámetro, redondeadas, su nucleo tiene de dos a tres lóbulos que pueden representar la forma de una S y que pocas veces es visible ya que los granulos lo cubren
Basofilos
Son celulas pequeñas y redondas de 7 micrómetros de diámetro , escaso citoplasma por lo que el nucleo ocupa casi toda la celula, celula principal del sistema inmune
Linfocitos
Dos variedades de linfocitos
Linfocitos B
Linfocitos T
Linfocitos capacitados en la médula ósea roja serán
Linfocitos B (bone marrow)
Todos los linfocitos nacen de
Médula ósea roja MOR
Linfocitos capacitados en el timo
Linfocitos T
Se encargan de la respuesta inmunológica de tipo humoral
Linfocitos B
Responsable de la respuesta inmunológica de tipo celular
Linfocitos T
Son celulas redondas de 8 a 12 micrómetros con un nucleo grande que presenta una escotadura lo cual tiene forma de riñón, frijol o herradura, con cromatina con granulos finos alternando porciones de eucromtina con heterocromatina
Monocitos
Tres o más lóbulos
Neutrofilos
Dos lóbulos
Eosinofilo
Chiquito, redondo y basofilo
Linfocitos
Grande mide de 2 a 3 eritrocitos
Monocitos
Plasma proteins reacts to produce a clot, which includes formed elements and a pale yellow liquid called
Serum
Collected blood in which clotting is prevented by the addition of anticoagulant like
Heparin or citrate
Erithrocytes Make up the sedimented material and their volume normally about
45% called hematocrit
Plasma is the straw colored, translucent, slightly viscous comprising..%
55%
CO2 is carried in solutions as
CO2 and HCO3
Blood participate in
Heat distribution
Regulation of body temperature
Maintenance of acid -base and osmotic balance
Plasma is An aqueous solution with a pH
7.4
Nutrients, respiratory gases, nitrogeneous waste products, hormones and inorganic ions in plasma is called
Electrolytes
Plasma proteins include
Albumin
Alpha globulins and beta globulins
Fibrinogen
Complement proteins
The must abundant plasma protein, made in the liver and serves to mantain the osmotic pressure of the blood, contribute to blood viscosity, binds and transports some fatty acids, electrolytes hormones and drugs
Albumin
Protein made by the liver and other cells include transferrin, fibrinogen, prothrombin and lipoproteins
Alpha and beta globulins
Plasma proteins which are immunoglobulins secreted by plasma cells in many locations
Gamma globulins
The largest plasma protein also made in the liver which during clotting polymerizes as insoluble cross linked fibers of fibrin that block the blood loss from small vessels, participate in blood coagulation
Fibrinogen
System of factors important in inflammation and destruction of microorganisms
Complement proteins
%water in plasma
92%
% of proteins in plasma
7%
% of Albumin
58%
% of globulins in plasma
37%
% of fibrinogen in plasma
4%
% of regulatory proteins in plasma
1%
Blood smears are routinely stained with special mixtures of acid and basic dyes that are
Eosin
Methylene blue
Stains used to Study blood
Giemsa and Wright
A tube of centrifugation (center) has % of its volume represented by erythrocytes
36% to 53%
Transport lipids and some metal ions
Alpha globulins
Transport iron ions and lipids in bloodstream
Beta globulins
% of oxygen dissolved in plasma
> 2%
%of oxigen bound to hemoglobin within erythrocytes
98%
% of CO2 dissolved in plasma
~7%
% of CO2 bound to hemoglobin within erythrocytes
~27%
% of CO2 converted to HCO3
~66%
Is a condition of having a concentration of erythrocytes below the normal range , symptoms include lethargy, shortness of breath, fatigue,skin pallor and heart palpitation
Anemia
An increase concentration of erythrocytes in blood
Erythrocytosis or polycythemia
Diameter of An erythrocytes
7.5 micrometers
Thick at the rim of An erythrocytes
2.6 micrometer
Thick in the center of erythrocytes
0.75 micrometers
Normal concentration of erythrocytes in blood in women
3.9 to 5.5 million per microliter
Normal concentration of erythrocytes in blood in men
4.1 - 6.0 millions / microliters
The membrane of An erythrocytes are
40% lipid
10%carbohydrate
50%proteins
The anion transporter that is located in cell membrane
Band 3 proteins and glycophorin A
Dimers of which form a lattice bound to underlying actin filaments that is a peripheral proteins
Spectrin
Anchors the lattice to the glycoproteins and band 3 proteins
Ankyrin
Altered hemoglobin called .., is deoxygenated in capillaries, it polymerizes causing sickle shape, An alterations by a mutation of one nucleotide
HbS
Human erythrocytes normally survive in the circulation for about
120 days
Granulocytes two major types of cytoplasmic granules
Lysosomes (azurophilic granules in blood cells)
Specific granules
Agranulocytes contain azurophilic granules with affinity for the basic
Stain azure A
are a broad and loose category of small proteins (~5–20 kDa) that are important in cell signaling. They are released by cells and affect the behavior of other cells, can also be involved in autocrine signaling. include chemokines, interferons, interleukins, lymphokines, tumour necrosis factor but generally not hormones or growth factors (despite some terminologic overlap),are produced by a broad range of cells, including immune cells like macrophages, B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes and mast cells, as well as endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and various stromal cells;
Cytokines
son unos gránulos de almacenamiento que poseen las células del endotelio que revisten el interior de los vasos sanguíneos y del corazón. Almacenan y liberan principalmente dos moléculas, el factor de von Willebrand y la P-selectina, por lo que juegan un papel fundamental en la hemostasis y la inflamación.
Los cuerpos de Weibel-Palade
Kill and phagocytose bacteria
Neutrophils
Kill helminthic and other parasites, modulate local inflammation
Eosinophils
Modulate inflammation, release histamine during allergy
Basophils
Effector and regulatory cells for adaptive immunity
Lymphocytes
Precursors of macrophages and other mononuclear phagocytic cells
Monocytes
Process in which leukocytes sends extensions through the openings between the endothelial cells, migrate out of the venules into the surrounding tissue space and head directly for the site of injury or invasion
Diapedesis
The attraction of neurotrophils to bacteria involves chemical mediators in a Process of …, which causes leukocytes to rapidly accumulate where their defensive actions are specifically needed
Chemotaxis
Healthy adults have….. Leukocytes per microliter of blood
4500 to 11,000 leukocytes
Mature neutrophils constitute ..% to ..%,of circulating leukocytes
54% to 62% and 3% immature
Neutrophils diameter
12-15 micrometers
Inactive X chromosome may appear as a drumstick-like appendage on one of the lobes of the nucleus
In females neutrophils
The cytoplasmic granules of neutrophils are two main types
Azurophilic primary granules
Specific secondary granules
Azurophilic granules have a major role killing and degrading engulfed microorganisms, contain proteases and antibacterials proteins including
Myeloperoxidase
Lysozyme
Defensins
Azurophilic granules protein which generates hypochlorite and other agents toxic to bacteria
Myeloperoxidase MPO
Azurophilic granules protein which degrades components of bacterial cell wall
Lysozyme
Azurophilic granules protein small cysteine rich proteins that bind and disrupt the cell membranes of many types of bacteria and other microorganisms
Defensins.
Decreasing adhesion to the wall of venules by causing the absence of specific granules
Neutrophils defects
Are smaller and less dense stain pink, diverse function secretion of various ECM degrading enzymes like collagenases, delivery of additional bacterial proteins to the phagolysosomes and insertion of new cell membrane components
Specific secondary granules
Attract other leukocytes and cytokines that direct activities of these and local cell of the tissue
Chemokines
Contain glycogen which is broken down into glucose to yield energy vía the glycolytic pathway
Neurotrophil
Neurotrophil are short lived cells with a half life of
6 to 8 hours in blood and a life span of 1 or 4 days in connective tissues before dying by apoptosis
Neutrophils look for bacteria to engulf by psudopodia and internalize them in vacuoles called
Phagosomes
Forms microbial killing system
Superoxide anions
Hydrogen peroxide
MPO and halide ions
Local macrophage activated by bacteria or tissue damage realease proinflamatory cytokines such as.., that signal endothelial cells of nearby poscapillary venules to rapidly insert glycoprotein selectins on the luminal cell surface
Interleukin 1 (IL -1) Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha)
Content of pus
Apoptotic neutrophils, bacteria, semidigested material, and tissue fluid form a viscous, yellow collection
Constitute only 1% to 3% of leukocytes
Eosinophils
The eosinophilic granules are seen to be oval in shape constains major basic proteins and arginine rich factor that accounts for the granules acidophilia and constitutes up to
50 % of the total granule protein
The number of circulating Eosinophils increase during
Helminthic infections and allergic reactions
Eosinophils are abundant in
Connective tissue of the intestinal lining and at sites of chronic inflammation such as lung tissue of asthma patients
An increase in the number of Eosinophils in blood is associated
With allergic reactions and helminth parasitic infections
Produce a rapid decrease in the number of blood Eosinophils
Costicosteroids
Are less than 1% of blood leukocytes
Basophils
Basophils diameter
12 to 15 micrometers
The specific granules diameter of Eosinophils ,stain purple
0.5 micrometers
The strong basophilia of granules in Basophils is due for the presence of
Heparin Other GAGs Histamine Platelet activating factors Eosinophils chemotactic factor Phospholipase A that catalyzes An initial step in producing proinflamatory factors called leukotrienes
Basophils appear to supplents the functions of
Mast cells
Have metachromatic granules containing heparin and histamine have surface for IgE
Basophils and mast cells
Eosinophils life span
1-2 weeks
Basophils life span
Several months
Diameters ok lymphocytes
9 to 18 micrometers
Are a group of disorders involving neoplastic proliferation of lymphocytes of the failure of these cells to undergo apoptosis
Lymphomas
Monocytes are precursor cells of
Macrophage
Osteoclast
Microglia
Diameter of monocytes
12 to 15 micrometers
The monocytes nucleous is
Large and usually indented or C-shaped
Diameter of platelets
2 to 4 micrometers
Life span of lymphocytes
Hours to many years
Life span of monocytes
Hour to years
Normal platelets count range from
150,000 to 400,000/ microliter of blood
Helps mantain the platelets shape
Marginal bundle
Vesicles is connected to invaginations of plasma membrane which may facilitates platelets uptake of factors from plasma
Open canicular system
Less prominent set of irregular tubular vesicles that is derived from ER and stores Ca ions
Dense tubular system
Contains ADP, ATP and serotonin Taken from the plasma in platelets with a diameter of 250-300 nm
Delta granules
Alpha granules are larger 300 to 500 nm in diameter containing
Platelet-derived growth factors (PDGF)
Disruptions in the microvascular endothelium allow the platelet glycocalyx to adhere to collagen a platelet plug is formed as a first step to stop bleeding
Primary aggregation
Platelets in the plug release a specific adhesive glycoproteins and ADP which induce platelet aggregation An increase the size of the platelets plug
Secondary aggregations
During platelet aggregation fibrinogen from plasma, von Willebrand factor and other proteins release from the damage endothelium and platelet factors 4 from platelet granules promote interactions of plasma proteins giving rise to a fibrin polymer forming a network of fibers trapping red blood cells and more platelets to form a
Blood clot or thrombus
The clot that initially bulges into the blood vessel lumen contracts slightly because of the interaction of
Platelet actin and myosin
Protector by the clot,the endothelium and surrounding tunic are restored by new tissue and the clot is removed Mainly dissolved by the proteolitic enzyme
Plasmin
Have An inhibitory effect on platelet function and blood coagulation because they block the local prostaglandins synthesis that is needed for platelet aggregation, contraction and exocytosis at sites of injury
Aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
