Blood Flashcards
1
Q
Es un vaso sanguíneo que sale del corazón
A
Arteria
2
Q
Es un vaso sanguíneo que llega al corazón
A
Vena
3
Q
Cuantos litros hay aproximadamente en el cuerpo humano
A
5,000 ml de sangre, en la mujer hay poco menos que en el hombre
4
Q
La sangre está formada por dos fases
A
Una fase sólida llamada elementos formes o figurados
Una fase liquida llamada plasma
5
Q
Pequeña muestra necesaria para el estudio de la sangre
A
Alicuota
6
Q
La porción sólida equivale al ..% del volumen total
A
43%
7
Q
% de eritrocitos de la porción sólida de la sangre
A
99%
8
Q
Fracción de eritrocitos precipitados se denomina, se expresa como una porción del total del centrifugado
A
Hematocrito
9
Q
El hematocrito fluctúa en el ..% del total
A
50%
10
Q
Un menisco entre el hematocrito y el plasma constituye el centrifugado de los .., equivale al 1% del total del centrifugado
A
Leucocitos y plaquetas
11
Q
En el adulto varón el hematocrito normal fluctúa desde
A
El 41% hasta 53%
12
Q
En la mujer adulta normal el hematocrito oscila
A
Del 36% al 43%
13
Q
La porción sólida está formada por
A
Eritrocito
Plaquetas
Celulas monomorfonucleares
Celulas polimorfonucleares
14
Q
Extendido sanguíneo en el que se coloca una gota de sangre sobre un portaobjetos empleando su borde se coloca angulado al primero y se extiende en forma rápida, uniforme y única hacia el otro extremo de la laminilla
A
Frotis
15
Q
Frotis se deja secar al aire y posteriormente se tiñe con colorante
A
De Wright
16
Q
No son celulas, debido a que no tiene nucleo, ni tienen la capacidad de reproducirse y no reacciona a estímulos
A
Eritrocito
17
Q
Le da el color característico al eritrocito
A
Hemoglobina
18
Q
Función principal de la hemoglobina
A
Acarrear oxigeno
19
Q
Vida de un eritrocito
A
120 días, llega al bazo donde es captado y degradado para que sus componentes sean reciclados
20
Q
Todos los macrofagos derivan de
A
Monocito
21
Q
La ingesta de material por el monocito o el macrofago se llama
A
Fagocitosis
22
Q
El proceso de fagocitosis y degradación del eritrocito se denomina
A
Hemocateresis
23
Q
La mayoría de la hemocateresis ocurre en
A
El bazo llamada hemocateresis esplenica
24
Q
Cantidad precisa de eritrocitos en el hombre fluctúa entre
A
4.5 y 5.9 millones/ mm3
25
Cantidad precisa de eritrocitos en la mujer fluctúa entre
4.0 a 5.2 millones/mm3
26
Los Ec son de forma... Debido a la ausencia de nucleo
De disco bicóncavo
27
Diámetro de un eritrocito
7.2 micrómetros
28
Espesor mayor de un eritrocito
2.1 micrómetros
29
Espesor en el centro de un eritrocito
1.2 micrómetros
30
Debido a su forma le da dos funciones especiales que son
Le incrementa la superficie de contacto con el plasma lo cual le permite una mayor intercambio de oxígeno y algo de dióxido de carbono
Le permite moldear su forma al paso por los capilares
31
Cuando el eritrocito se encuentra a una misma concentración de solutos en el medio extracelular que intracelular manteniendo su forma
Medio isotonico
32
El liquido tiende a salir de la estructura para tratar de compensar sutilmente las concentraciones extracelulares, vaciando su contenido liquido cambiando la forma del eritrocito a estrella o espinado
Medio hipertonico
33
Eritrocito con forma de estrella o espinado, fenómeno conocido como
Crenacion
34
El eritrocito el crenacion recibe el nombre de
Crenocito
35
Cuando el eritrocito se encuentra con menor concentración de solutos en el exterior que en el interior y trata de compensar y debido a la osmolaridad el liquido entra al eritrocito lo cual hace que adopte una forma esférica y posteriormente se rompa
Medio hipotonico
36
En un medio hipotonico al romperse el eritrocito libera la hemoglobina y deja únicamente el esqueleto de su membrana plasmatica conocido como
Eritrocito fantasma
37
Solo ocurre in vitro, los eritrocitos se agrupan uno detrás de otro como si fueran monedas apiladas y esto se conoce como fenómeno de..., se produce probablemente debido a los cambios en la carga eléctrica de la superficie del eritrocito
Rouleaux
38
Cuando se incrementa el número de eritrocitos
En una enfermedad o un estado de estrés en el cual requiere de mayor oxigenación
39
En una excesiva demanda de eritrocitos, se liberan glóbulos rojos aun no maduros que no han perdido su núcleo estas células se les conoce como
Eritroblastos
40
Cuando los eritrocitos cambia de tamaño en condiciones de enfermedad se les conoce como
Anisocitosis
41
Cuando los eritrocitos son de mayor tamaño o grandes se llaman
Macrociticos
42
Cuando los eritrocitos son de menor tamaño
Microcitos
43
Al cambio en la forma del eritrocito se le conoce como
Poiquilocitosis
44
Cuando los eritrocitos son formados con menores cantidades de Hb y se ven mas pálidos de lo normal son llamados
Hipocromicos
45
Cuando los eritrocitos tienen una cantidad adecuada de Hb se les llama
Normocromicos
46
Las plaquetas su cifra normal oscila entre
150,000 a las 450,000/mm3
47
Diámetro de las plaquetas
2.0 micrómetros
48
Son pedazos de citoplasma de una célula gigantesca que se llama megacariocito
Plaquetas
49
Función principal de las plaquetas
Coágulacion
50
Region mas gruesa de las plaquetas se llama ..., la cual se tiñe de un color purpura intenso
Granulomero o cromomero
51
Region periférica mas delgada y pálida de las plaquetas
Hialomero
52
Los glóbulos blancos son
Leucocitos
53
Los leucocitos se dividen en
Granulocitos
| Agranulocitos
54
Tienen un nucleo con formas caprichosas llamados polimorfonucleares es un tipo de leucocitos se llama
Granulocitos
55
Tienen el nucleo de forma ortodoxa llamados monomorfonucleares
Agranulocitos
56
Cifra normal de leucocitos fluctúa entre
4500 a 11500 leucocitos/mm3
57
Es un tejido fluido que se encuentra contenida en los vasos sanguíneos,arteriales y venosos
Sangre
58
Estudio para averiguar la numeración de los eritrocitos de una persona
Ht
59
La concentración de su Hb y su cuenta de leucocitos es lo que se llama
Biometria hamatica o BH
60
Los agranulocitos son dos
Linfocitos
| Monocitos
61
Los granulocitos son tres
Eosinofilos
Basofilos
Neutrofilos
62
Leucocitos más abundantes en la sangre,la celula más abundante en la sangre es el
Neutrofilo
63
Proporcion de leucocitos varía entre
40% y un 70 % del total de leucocitos o 55% al 65%
| 3000 -5250/mm3
64
Segundo leucocitos más abundante
Linfocitos
65
% de linfocitos
22% al 44%
| 1650 - 3300/mm3
66
Representan el tercer tipo más abundante de leucocitos
Monocitos
67
Los monocitos representan
4% al 11%
| 300-825/mm3
68
Cuarto tipo de leucocitos más abundante
Eosinofilo
69
Cantidad de eosinofilo presente
0% al 8%
| 0-600/mm3
70
Celula menos abundante de la sangre
Basofilos
71
Los basofilos llegan a representar
0-3%
| 0 -225/mm3
72
Involucrados en la respuesta inflamatoria de tipo agudo , celulas redondeadas, su nucleo es polimorfonuclear y su citoplasma exhibe granulos neutrofilos y su nucleo presenta 3 lóbulos
Neutrofilos
73
Celulas redondeadas con un diámetro de 12 a 15 micrómetros de diámetro con un nucleo bilobulado unido por una hebra de cromatina, con granulos que generalmente se ven de color rojo
Eosinofilo
74
Celulas mas raras de toda la sangre, mide de 12 a 15 micrómetros de diámetro, redondeadas, su nucleo tiene de dos a tres lóbulos que pueden representar la forma de una S y que pocas veces es visible ya que los granulos lo cubren
Basofilos
75
Son celulas pequeñas y redondas de 7 micrómetros de diámetro , escaso citoplasma por lo que el nucleo ocupa casi toda la celula, celula principal del sistema inmune
Linfocitos
76
Dos variedades de linfocitos
Linfocitos B
| Linfocitos T
77
Linfocitos capacitados en la médula ósea roja serán
Linfocitos B (bone marrow)
78
Todos los linfocitos nacen de
Médula ósea roja MOR
79
Linfocitos capacitados en el timo
Linfocitos T
80
Se encargan de la respuesta inmunológica de tipo humoral
Linfocitos B
81
Responsable de la respuesta inmunológica de tipo celular
Linfocitos T
82
Son celulas redondas de 8 a 12 micrómetros con un nucleo grande que presenta una escotadura lo cual tiene forma de riñón, frijol o herradura, con cromatina con granulos finos alternando porciones de eucromtina con heterocromatina
Monocitos
83
Tres o más lóbulos
Neutrofilos
84
Dos lóbulos
Eosinofilo
85
Chiquito, redondo y basofilo
Linfocitos
86
Grande mide de 2 a 3 eritrocitos
Monocitos
87
Plasma proteins reacts to produce a clot, which includes formed elements and a pale yellow liquid called
Serum
88
Collected blood in which clotting is prevented by the addition of anticoagulant like
Heparin or citrate
89
Erithrocytes Make up the sedimented material and their volume normally about
45% called hematocrit
90
Plasma is the straw colored, translucent, slightly viscous comprising..%
55%
91
CO2 is carried in solutions as
CO2 and HCO3
92
Blood participate in
Heat distribution
Regulation of body temperature
Maintenance of acid -base and osmotic balance
93
Plasma is An aqueous solution with a pH
7.4
94
Nutrients, respiratory gases, nitrogeneous waste products, hormones and inorganic ions in plasma is called
Electrolytes
95
Plasma proteins include
Albumin
Alpha globulins and beta globulins
Fibrinogen
Complement proteins
96
The must abundant plasma protein, made in the liver and serves to mantain the osmotic pressure of the blood, contribute to blood viscosity, binds and transports some fatty acids, electrolytes hormones and drugs
Albumin
97
Protein made by the liver and other cells include transferrin, fibrinogen, prothrombin and lipoproteins
Alpha and beta globulins
98
Plasma proteins which are immunoglobulins secreted by plasma cells in many locations
Gamma globulins
99
The largest plasma protein also made in the liver which during clotting polymerizes as insoluble cross linked fibers of fibrin that block the blood loss from small vessels, participate in blood coagulation
Fibrinogen
100
System of factors important in inflammation and destruction of microorganisms
Complement proteins
101
%water in plasma
92%
102
% of proteins in plasma
7%
103
% of Albumin
58%
104
% of globulins in plasma
37%
105
% of fibrinogen in plasma
4%
106
% of regulatory proteins in plasma
1%
107
Blood smears are routinely stained with special mixtures of acid and basic dyes that are
Eosin
| Methylene blue
108
Stains used to Study blood
Giemsa and Wright
109
A tube of centrifugation (center) has % of its volume represented by erythrocytes
36% to 53%
110
Transport lipids and some metal ions
Alpha globulins
111
Transport iron ions and lipids in bloodstream
Beta globulins
112
% of oxygen dissolved in plasma
>2%
113
%of oxigen bound to hemoglobin within erythrocytes
98%
114
% of CO2 dissolved in plasma
~7%
115
% of CO2 bound to hemoglobin within erythrocytes
~27%
116
% of CO2 converted to HCO3
~66%
117
Is a condition of having a concentration of erythrocytes below the normal range , symptoms include lethargy, shortness of breath, fatigue,skin pallor and heart palpitation
Anemia
118
An increase concentration of erythrocytes in blood
Erythrocytosis or polycythemia
119
Diameter of An erythrocytes
7.5 micrometers
120
Thick at the rim of An erythrocytes
2.6 micrometer
121
Thick in the center of erythrocytes
0.75 micrometers
122
Normal concentration of erythrocytes in blood in women
3.9 to 5.5 million per microliter
123
Normal concentration of erythrocytes in blood in men
4.1 - 6.0 millions / microliters
124
The membrane of An erythrocytes are
40% lipid
10%carbohydrate
50%proteins
125
The anion transporter that is located in cell membrane
Band 3 proteins and glycophorin A
126
Dimers of which form a lattice bound to underlying actin filaments that is a peripheral proteins
Spectrin
127
Anchors the lattice to the glycoproteins and band 3 proteins
Ankyrin
128
Altered hemoglobin called .., is deoxygenated in capillaries, it polymerizes causing sickle shape, An alterations by a mutation of one nucleotide
HbS
129
Human erythrocytes normally survive in the circulation for about
120 days
130
Granulocytes two major types of cytoplasmic granules
Lysosomes (azurophilic granules in blood cells)
| Specific granules
131
Agranulocytes contain azurophilic granules with affinity for the basic
Stain azure A
132
are a broad and loose category of small proteins (~5–20 kDa) that are important in cell signaling. They are released by cells and affect the behavior of other cells, can also be involved in autocrine signaling. include chemokines, interferons, interleukins, lymphokines, tumour necrosis factor but generally not hormones or growth factors (despite some terminologic overlap),are produced by a broad range of cells, including immune cells like macrophages, B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes and mast cells, as well as endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and various stromal cells;
Cytokines
133
son unos gránulos de almacenamiento que poseen las células del endotelio que revisten el interior de los vasos sanguíneos y del corazón. Almacenan y liberan principalmente dos moléculas, el factor de von Willebrand y la P-selectina, por lo que juegan un papel fundamental en la hemostasis y la inflamación.
Los cuerpos de Weibel-Palade
134
Kill and phagocytose bacteria
Neutrophils
135
Kill helminthic and other parasites, modulate local inflammation
Eosinophils
136
Modulate inflammation, release histamine during allergy
Basophils
137
Effector and regulatory cells for adaptive immunity
Lymphocytes
138
Precursors of macrophages and other mononuclear phagocytic cells
Monocytes
139
Process in which leukocytes sends extensions through the openings between the endothelial cells, migrate out of the venules into the surrounding tissue space and head directly for the site of injury or invasion
Diapedesis
140
The attraction of neurotrophils to bacteria involves chemical mediators in a Process of ..., which causes leukocytes to rapidly accumulate where their defensive actions are specifically needed
Chemotaxis
141
Healthy adults have..... Leukocytes per microliter of blood
4500 to 11,000 leukocytes
142
Mature neutrophils constitute ..% to ..%,of circulating leukocytes
54% to 62% and 3% immature
143
Neutrophils diameter
12-15 micrometers
144
Inactive X chromosome may appear as a drumstick-like appendage on one of the lobes of the nucleus
In females neutrophils
145
The cytoplasmic granules of neutrophils are two main types
Azurophilic primary granules
| Specific secondary granules
146
Azurophilic granules have a major role killing and degrading engulfed microorganisms, contain proteases and antibacterials proteins including
Myeloperoxidase
Lysozyme
Defensins
147
Azurophilic granules protein which generates hypochlorite and other agents toxic to bacteria
Myeloperoxidase MPO
148
Azurophilic granules protein which degrades components of bacterial cell wall
Lysozyme
149
Azurophilic granules protein small cysteine rich proteins that bind and disrupt the cell membranes of many types of bacteria and other microorganisms
Defensins.
150
Decreasing adhesion to the wall of venules by causing the absence of specific granules
Neutrophils defects
151
Are smaller and less dense stain pink, diverse function secretion of various ECM degrading enzymes like collagenases, delivery of additional bacterial proteins to the phagolysosomes and insertion of new cell membrane components
Specific secondary granules
152
Attract other leukocytes and cytokines that direct activities of these and local cell of the tissue
Chemokines
153
Contain glycogen which is broken down into glucose to yield energy vía the glycolytic pathway
Neurotrophil
154
Neurotrophil are short lived cells with a half life of
6 to 8 hours in blood and a life span of 1 or 4 days in connective tissues before dying by apoptosis
155
Neutrophils look for bacteria to engulf by psudopodia and internalize them in vacuoles called
Phagosomes
156
Forms microbial killing system
Superoxide anions
Hydrogen peroxide
MPO and halide ions
157
Local macrophage activated by bacteria or tissue damage realease proinflamatory cytokines such as.., that signal endothelial cells of nearby poscapillary venules to rapidly insert glycoprotein selectins on the luminal cell surface
```
Interleukin 1 (IL -1)
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha)
```
158
Content of pus
Apoptotic neutrophils, bacteria, semidigested material, and tissue fluid form a viscous, yellow collection
159
Constitute only 1% to 3% of leukocytes
Eosinophils
160
The eosinophilic granules are seen to be oval in shape constains major basic proteins and arginine rich factor that accounts for the granules acidophilia and constitutes up to
50 % of the total granule protein
161
The number of circulating Eosinophils increase during
Helminthic infections and allergic reactions
162
Eosinophils are abundant in
Connective tissue of the intestinal lining and at sites of chronic inflammation such as lung tissue of asthma patients
163
An increase in the number of Eosinophils in blood is associated
With allergic reactions and helminth parasitic infections
164
Produce a rapid decrease in the number of blood Eosinophils
Costicosteroids
165
Are less than 1% of blood leukocytes
Basophils
166
Basophils diameter
12 to 15 micrometers
167
The specific granules diameter of Eosinophils ,stain purple
0.5 micrometers
168
The strong basophilia of granules in Basophils is due for the presence of
```
Heparin
Other GAGs
Histamine
Platelet activating factors
Eosinophils chemotactic factor
Phospholipase A that catalyzes An initial step in producing proinflamatory factors called leukotrienes
```
169
Basophils appear to supplents the functions of
Mast cells
170
Have metachromatic granules containing heparin and histamine have surface for IgE
Basophils and mast cells
171
Eosinophils life span
1-2 weeks
172
Basophils life span
Several months
173
Diameters ok lymphocytes
9 to 18 micrometers
174
Are a group of disorders involving neoplastic proliferation of lymphocytes of the failure of these cells to undergo apoptosis
Lymphomas
175
Monocytes are precursor cells of
Macrophage
Osteoclast
Microglia
176
Diameter of monocytes
12 to 15 micrometers
177
The monocytes nucleous is
Large and usually indented or C-shaped
178
Diameter of platelets
2 to 4 micrometers
179
Life span of lymphocytes
Hours to many years
180
Life span of monocytes
Hour to years
181
Normal platelets count range from
150,000 to 400,000/ microliter of blood
182
Helps mantain the platelets shape
Marginal bundle
183
Vesicles is connected to invaginations of plasma membrane which may facilitates platelets uptake of factors from plasma
Open canicular system
184
Less prominent set of irregular tubular vesicles that is derived from ER and stores Ca ions
Dense tubular system
185
Contains ADP, ATP and serotonin Taken from the plasma in platelets with a diameter of 250-300 nm
Delta granules
186
Alpha granules are larger 300 to 500 nm in diameter containing
Platelet-derived growth factors (PDGF)
187
Disruptions in the microvascular endothelium allow the platelet glycocalyx to adhere to collagen a platelet plug is formed as a first step to stop bleeding
Primary aggregation
188
Platelets in the plug release a specific adhesive glycoproteins and ADP which induce platelet aggregation An increase the size of the platelets plug
Secondary aggregations
189
During platelet aggregation fibrinogen from plasma, von Willebrand factor and other proteins release from the damage endothelium and platelet factors 4 from platelet granules promote interactions of plasma proteins giving rise to a fibrin polymer forming a network of fibers trapping red blood cells and more platelets to form a
Blood clot or thrombus
190
The clot that initially bulges into the blood vessel lumen contracts slightly because of the interaction of
Platelet actin and myosin
191
Protector by the clot,the endothelium and surrounding tunic are restored by new tissue and the clot is removed Mainly dissolved by the proteolitic enzyme
Plasmin
192
Have An inhibitory effect on platelet function and blood coagulation because they block the local prostaglandins synthesis that is needed for platelet aggregation, contraction and exocytosis at sites of injury
Aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
