Endocrine Glands Flashcards

1
Q

Las hormonas son moleculas que viajan por el torrente sanguineo ejerciendo su funcion sobre

A

Celulas blanco

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2
Q

La hormona se une en la celula blanco con su receptor ubicado en

A

En la membrana plasmatica o dentro del nucleo de la celula

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3
Q

Los receptores citoplasmaticos suelen activar a una enzima que produce una molecula denominada

A

Segundo mensajero

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4
Q

Los segundos mensajeros mas usuales

A

cAMP o cGMP produciendo una cascada bioquimica basada en la proteina G

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5
Q

Cuando las concentraciones de la sustancia esta en cantidades normales del cuerpo Se dice que esta en una concentracion

A

Fisiologica

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6
Q

Peso de la hipofisis

A

0.5 y 1 g

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7
Q

La hipofisis esta unida al cerebro por un pequeño tallo por donde pasan las hormonas al cerebro y viceversa llamado

A

Infundibulo

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8
Q

La hipofisis Se encuentra separada del cerebro por una lamina fibrosa conocida como

A

Tienda de la hipofisis

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9
Q

La hipofisis Se divide en

A

Adenohipofisis o anterior

Neurohipofisis o posterior

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10
Q

La adenohipofisis Se divide en

A

Pars distalis
Pars intermedia
Pars tuberalis

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11
Q

La nuerohipofisis Se divide en

A

Proceso infundibular
Tallo infundibular
Eminencia media del tuber cinerium

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12
Q

La adenohipofisis Se origina de

A

Ectodermo, la bolsa de Rathke que Se encuentra arriba de la cavidad bucal

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13
Q

La nuerohipofisis proviene de

A

Invaginacion del piso del diencefalo

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14
Q

La adenohipofisis en su pars tuberalis cuenta con cordones de celulas basofilicas que contienen hormonas

A

Gonadotropicas

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15
Q

En su pars intermedia contiene celulas….. Y aun no se conoce su funcion en el hombre

A

Cromofobas o basofilas

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16
Q

La pars distalis cuenta con cordones con abundantes sinusoides fenestrados y las celulas encontradas son

A

Acidofilas 40%
Basofilas 10%
Cromofobas 50%

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17
Q

Las celulas acidofilas de la pars distalis son somatotropas productoras de …. Y mamotropas/lactotropas productoras de…

A

Somatotropas productoras de hormona de crecimiento GH y somatotrofina STH
Mamotropas :prolactina/mamotrofina MTH

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18
Q

Son palidas de citoplasma granular y se cree que son formas inactivas de acidofilas y basofilas presentes con un 50% en pars distalis

A

Cromofobas

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19
Q

Las celulas basofilas son Los tirotropos productores de … Y gonadotropos productores de…, y corticotropos productora de….

A

Tirotropos :Hormona estimulante del tiroides TSH,
Gonadotropos :hormona luteinizante LH o estimulante de las celulas interticiales, foliculoestimulante FSH
Corticotropos : hormona adrenocorticotropica ACTH

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20
Q

La neurohipofisis no produce hormonas pero si recibe hormonas a traves del

A

Tallo hipotalamo-hipofisiario de Los nucleos supraopticos y paraventriculares

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21
Q

Hormona producida en Los nucleos hipotalamicos supraopticos

A

Antidiuretica ADH o vasopressina

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22
Q

Hormona producida en Los nucleos hipotalamicos paraventriculares

A

Oxitocina o pituicina

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23
Q

Cristales de oxitocina llamados …., que Se encuentran en neurohipofisis

A

Cuerpo de Herring

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24
Q

Esta formado poor epitelio cuyo producto de secrecion se vierte directamente al sistema circulatorio a traves de capilares

A

Sistema endocrino

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25
Hormona relacionada con el trabajo de parto incrementando las contracciones uterinas,participa en la formacion del falo o un papel en la ereccion e indispensable en la lactancia
Oxitocina o pituicina
26
Hormona que interviene en la retencion y concentracion del agua al nivel de los segmentos distales de la nefrona, cuando esta falta se pueden perder hasta 20 litros de agua por dia y participa en la concentracion del musculo liso de los vasos sanguineos y del intestino
Vasopresina o antidiuretica
27
Surge del desarrollo caudal y dorsal del diencefalo y no Se encuentra conectado al SNC, cubierta por una capsula que es parte de las meninges (piamadre) la cual se extiende y forma septos que terminan por lobular a la glandula por donde ingresa la vasculatura
Epifisis o glandula pineal
28
La glandula pineal esta formada por
Pinealocitos, que son basofilos con presencia de lipidos
29
Producto principal de la glandula pineal
Melatonina
30
Es una sustancia que funciona parte del reloj interno relacionada con Los procesos de sueño y vigilia
Melatonina
31
Resulta de la metilacion de la N acetil serotonina
Melatonina
32
Porcentaje de celulas gliales interticiales en la epifisis o glandula pineal
10%
33
Ubicada en la cara anterior del cuello en su tercio inferior formada por dos lobulos derecho e izquierdo unidos por un istmo de donde puede surgir otro lobulo llamado lobulo piramidal, altamente vascularizada y esta encapsulada
Tiroides
34
La tiroides esta formada por
Foliculos tiroideos que son esferas huecas de celulas epiteliales glandulares
35
Diametro de un foliculo tiroideo
0.2 a 0.9 mm
36
Número de foliculo en la tiroides
De dos a 10 millones
37
Material proteico, denso y viscoso como una gelatina llamado
Coloide tiroideo
38
Por revestir una cavidad se pueden considerar como si fuera un epitelio
Celulas foliculares
39
Al epitelio que forma los foliculos se le llama .
Celulas foliculares que posee un solo cilio que penetra el coloide por 10 o 15 micrometros y se encuentran sobre una lamina basal con un estroma ricamente vascularizada
40
Las celulas foliculares estan relacionadas con la produccion y liberacion de las hormonas
Triyodotironina T3 | Tetrayodotironina T4
41
El coloide tiroideo esta formado por una glucoproteina yodada, lugar donde se almacenan las hormonas siendo la unica hormona que se almacena en grandes cantidades
Tiroglobulina
42
Conjuntos de celulas las cuales no tienen acceso al lumen folicular, producen tirocalcitonina involucrada en la reduccion de los niveles del calcio en el plasma de la sangre y de los niveles de fosfato
Celulas C , Claras o parafoliculares o celulas U
43
involucrada en la reduccion de los niveles del calcio en el plasma de la sangre y de los niveles de fosfato
Tirocalcitonina
44
Cuatro glandulas que dervan de la tercera y cuarta bolsa faringeas, altamente vascularizada
Paratiroides
45
Las glandulas parotiroides presentan dos variedades de celulas
Celulas principales | Celulas oxifilicas
46
Son pequeñas aproximdamente de 7 a 10 micrometros de diametro, contiene glucogeno y con granulos con paratohormona PTH
Celulas principales
47
Incrementan su numero en relacion con la edad , siendo mas grandes que las celulas principales y no contiene granulos de secrecion
Celulas oxifilicas
48
Se libera en respuesta a la concentracion baja de calcio en sangre, actua de inicio sobre los osteoblastos, luego osteoclastos recuperando la normocalcemia
Paratohormona PTH
49
Niveles de calcio normales en la sangre oscilan
Entre 9 y 11 mg por decilitro
50
A nivel del riñon incrementa la reabsorcion de calcio tubular y la activacion de la vitamina D, inhibe la reabsorcion de fosfato renal
PTH paratohormona
51
La corteza de la glandula de origen
Mesodermico
52
Medula de la glandula suprarenal de origen
Cresta neural
53
La corteza de afuera hacia adentro se divide en
Glomerulosa Fasciculada Reticular
54
Es delgada localizada debajo de la capsula de TC formada por celulas dispuestas en arcos u ovillos de celulas cilindricas a cubicas produciendo un mineralocorticoide la aldosterona
Zona glomerulosa
55
Es la mas ancha se dispone en forma de hileras de celulas en cordones regulares paralelos entre si con celulas epiteliales glandulares cubicas encargada de la produccion de un glucocorticoide denominado cortisol
Zona fasciculada
56
Tiene un grosor intermedio, Los cordones celulares que lo conforman Se disponen en forma irregular haciendo una red, cerca de la medula se encuentran celulas oscuras
Zona reticulada
57
La medula suprarrenal repsresenta el .... del organo
10%
58
La medula suprarrenal se encuentra encargada de la produccion de
Epinefrina y norepinefrina por sus celulas cromafines
59
Segunda glandula mas grande del cuerpo
Pancreas
60
Glandula con secrecion de tipo mixto tanto exocrina como endocrina
Pancreas
61
Cantidad aproximdamente de jugo pancreatico del cual vierte al tubo digestivo a traves del conducto de Wirsung
1200 ml
62
Esta formada por acinos serosos con epitelio glandular de forma piramidal reunidos en lobulos delimitados por TC formando septos
Porcion exocrina del pancreas
63
La porcion endocrina se encuentra formada por acumulos de celulas llamadas
Islotes pancreaticos o islotes de Langerhans
64
Localizacion de mayor proporcion de islotes de Langerhans
En la cola del pancreas que en total hay un millon
65
Porcentaje del volumen que representado por Los islotes de Langerhans
2%
66
Islotes de Langerhans separados del resto de la glandula del pancreas por
Fibras reticulares
67
Secretan glucagon incrementando Los niveles de glucosa en sangre, ubicado en la periferia del islote de Langerhans siendo el 20% del total de celulas
Celulas alfa o A
68
Secretan insulina representando el 60 al 75 % de la celulas del islote
Celulas beta
69
Secretan somatostatina siendo la que regula las celulas Alfa y beta siendo el 5% del total de celulas en el islote de Langerhans
Celulas delta
70
Producen peptido pancreatico para funciones gastrointestinales y del higado
Celulas PP
71
Un conjunto de celulas con nucleos redondos de colores diferentes amontonadas unas con otras
Adenohipofisis
72
Es mas clara casi transparente con cuerpos de herring
Neurohipofisis
73
Semejante al glomerulo, es la porcion exterior enrollada
Glomerulosa
74
Capa uniforme semejante a tubulos o fasciculos nerviosos
Fasciculada
75
Semejante a una red
Reticulada
76
Secretion with localized dispersal in the interstitial fluid
Paracrine
77
Secretion in which a signaling molecule remains on the secreting cells surface or adjacent
Juxtacrine
78
Weighs of pituitary glands
0.5 g in adult of about 10x13x6 mm
79
The oral component of hypophysis arise of ectoderm from the roof of the primitive mouth and grows cranially forming
Hypophyseal Rathke pouch
80
The neurohypophysis consist
Pars nerviosa | Infundibulum
81
Three parts of adenohypophysis
Pars distalis or anterior lob Pars tuberalis Pars intermedia
82
Date in which hypophyseal pouch (Rathke) grow from the roof of the pharynx and neurohypophyseal bud form
Week 3
83
Date Rathke pouch loses contact with roof of pharynx
Late second month
84
Artery that Supply the median eminence and infundibular stalk
Superior hypophyseal arteries
85
Provide blood mainly for the neurohypophysis
Inferior hypophyseal arteries
86
The superior hypophyseal arteries divide in
Primary plexus in neurohypophysis later form a second plexus in adenohypophysis
87
Blood from the superior hypophyseal artery consist of two network connect by the portal vein that join both plexus
Hypothalamic -hypophyseal portal system
88
Percentage that represent par distalis
75%
89
Chromophils, based on their affinities divide in
Basophils and acidophils
90
The main protein synthesized in corticotrophs is
POMC pro-opiomelanocortin cleaved posttranslationally into adrenocortical trophic hormone ACTH and beta lipotropin
91
Pars tuberalis most cells are
Gonadotrophs
92
Percentage of total cells in anterior pituitary of somatotrophs
50%
93
Percentage of total cells in anterior pituitary of lactotrophs
15-20%
94
Percentage of total cells in anterior pituitary of corticotrophs
15%-20%
95
Percentage of total cells in anterior pituitary of thyrotrophs
5%
96
Percentage of total cells in anterior pituitary of gonadotrophs
10%
97
Control of hormones secretion in the anterior pituitary
Hypothalamic hormones and negative feedback
98
Neurohypophysis it's composed of neural tissue containing .... unmyelinated axons of large secretory neurons with cell bodies in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei
100,000
99
Neurohypophysis present branched glial cells call
Pituicytes
100
The must abundant cell type in the posterior pituitary
Pituicytes
101
Herring bodies contain granules with either oxytocin or ADH bound to carrier protein called
Neurophysin I and II
102
Often produce excessive numbers of functional acidophils or basophils involving somatotropic cells can cause gigantism in children or acromegaly in adult
Pituitary adenomas
103
Adrenal glands together they weigh about
8g
104
The stroma of adrenal glands consist of..... Supporting the secretory cels and microvasculature
Reticular fibers
105
They are half moon shape about 4 to 6 cm long,1 to 2 cm wide, 4 to 6mm thick in adult
Adrenal glands
106
The cortex arises from
Mesoderm
107
Medulla arise from
Neural crest
108
Adrenal cells that have characteristics features of steroid secreting cells and mitochondria that synthesized ATP and contain enzymes for converting cholesterol to pregnenolone
Adrenal cortex
109
Immediately inside the capsule comprising the 15% of the cortex, the steroids made by this cells are called mineralocorticoids because the affect uptake of Na, K and water by renal tubules, their principal product is aldosterone
Zona Glomerulosa
110
Occupies 65% to 80% of cortex,these cells secrete glucocorticoids especially cortisol
Zona fasciculata
111
Comprises about 10% of cortex with more lipofuscin pigment , primarily secrete the weak androgens including dehydropiandrosterone DHEA that is converted in testosterone
Zona reticularis
112
Disorder usually autoimmune in origin, which cause degeneration in any layer of adrenal cortex with concomitant loss of glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids or androgen production
Addison disease
113
Medullary parechymal cells known as..., can be considered modified sympathetic postganglionic neurons lacking axons and dendrites with 150 to 350 nm in diameter
Chromaffin cells
114
Adrenal medulla secrete
Catecholamines either epinephrine or norepinephrine
115
Both catecholamines together with Ca and ATP are bound in granular storage complexes proteins called
Chromogranins
116
The conversion of norepinephrine to epinephrine occurs only in
Chromaffin cells
117
Percentage of catecholamines secreted from the adrenal is epinephrine
80%
118
Medullary chromaffin cells are innervated by cholenergic endings of
Preganglionic sympathetic neurons
119
Routine stains that show the most islet cells are acidophilic or basophilic
Trichrome stains
120
In the adrenal medulla, when periodically secrete high levels of catecholamines that cause swings in blood pressure between hypertension and hypotension
Pheochromocytomas
121
Secrete primarily glucagon and are usually peripherally, increase blood glucose content making energy stored in glycogen and fats available represent 20%
Alpha cells
122
Produce insuline are the most numerous 70% ,located centrally cause entry of glucose into cells and promotes decrease of blood glucose content
Beta cells
123
Secrete somatostatin are scattered and much less abundant 5% to 10% inhibits release of other islet cells
Delta cells
124
Stimulates activity of gastic chief cells, inhibits bile secretion, pancreatic enzyme and bicarbonate secretion and hormone pancreatic polypeptide
PP cells
125
Normal level of glucose
70 mg/dL
126
Increase glucagon release and inhibits insuline release
Sympathetic fibers
127
Increase secretion of both glucagon and insulin
Parasympathetic fibers
128
Cells that are derived from endodermal of embryonic gut or bronchial buds, collective disperse cell
Diffuse neuroendocrine system DNES
129
DNES (diffuse neuroendocrine system) are stained by solutions of
``` Chromium salts (enterochromaffin cells) Silver nitrate (argentaffin cells) ```
130
APUD cells are
DNES cells secretion
131
It synthesizes the thyroid hormones that help control the basal metabolic rate in the cells throughout the body as well as the polypeptide hormone calcitonin
Thyroxine Or tetra-iodothyronine or T4 | Iodothyronine T3
132
Thyroid colloid contains the large glycoprotein, the precursor for the active thyroid hormones
Thyroglobulin
133
There is sufficient hormone in follicles to supply the body for up to
3 months with no additional synthesis
134
Range in shape from squamous to low columnar, their activity is controlled by thyroid stimulating hormone TSH from anterior pituitary
Thyrocytes or follicular cells
135
Endocrine cell type found inside the basal lamina of the follicular epithelium or a isolated clusters between follicles, derived from the neural crest, less stain intensely with numerous granules with calcitonin
Parafollicular cell or C cells
136
Excessive growth of thyroid follicles and enlargement of the thyroid gland called
Goiter
137
The more abundant circulating thyroid hormone with 80% or 90%
T4 or thyroxine
138
Half life of T3 or iodothyronin
1.5 days
139
Half life of T4 thyroxin
1 week
140
The major regulator of anatomic and functional state of thyroid follicles is
Thyrotropin TSH from anterior pituitary
141
Hormones regulating cells of the anterior pituitary
Thyrotropin releasing hormone TRH Gonadotropin releasing hormone GnRH Somatostatin Growth hormone releasing hormone GHRH
142
Loss of insulin effect and a subsequent failure of cells to take up glucose leading to elevated blood sugar or hyperglycemia
Diabetes mellitus
143
Caused by loss of beta cells from autoimmune destruction and is treated by regular injection of insulin
Diabetes type 1
144
Beta cells are present but fail to produce adequate levels of insulin in response to hyperglycemia and target cells resist or not respond to the hormone, commonly occurs with obesity and multi factorial genetic component
Type 2 diabetes or non insulin dependent
145
Is an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies produce chronic stimulation of the follicular cells and release thyroid hormones causing a hyper metabolic state marker by wight loss, nervousness, sweating
Hyperthyroidism
146
Reduce thyroid hormone levels can be cause by thyroiditis or inadequate secretion of TSH by anterior pituitary gland
Hypothyroidism
147
Total weight of parathyroid glands
0.4 g
148
The superior parathyroid glands derived from
Fourth pharyngeal pouch
149
Inferior glands derived from
Third pharyngeal pouch
150
Small polygonal cells with pale staining with parathyroid hormone PTH an important regulator of blood calcium level
Principal chief cells
151
Principal cells ,an important regulator of blood calcium level
Parathyroid hormone PTH
152
Diminished secretion of PTH can cause bones to become more mineralized and denser and striated muscle to exhibit abnormal contraction
Hypoparathyroidism
153
Excessive PTH stimulates osteoclast number in activity leading to increase levels of blood calcium that can be deposited pathologically in cartilage,arteries, or kidney
Hyperparathyroidism
154
Regulates the daily rhythms of bodily activities approximately 5-8mm by 3-5mm ,develop from neuroectoderm in the posterior wall of the third ventricle
Pineal gland or epiphysis cerebri
155
Secretory cells of pineal gland called
Pinealocytes
156
Sized concretions of calcium and magnesium called brain sand characteristic feature in pineal gland
Corpora arencea