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HISTOLOGÍA > The Circulatory System > Flashcards

The Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

Vaso que llega al corazón

A

Vena

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2
Q

Todos llegan al corazón, no se llaman venas ya que no transportan sangre, transportan linfa que al final desemboca en el sistema venoso

A

Vasos linfáticos

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3
Q

Dos tipos de sistema circulatorio

A

Sistema circulatorio menor

Sistema circulatorio mayor

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4
Q

Es la que existe entre el corazón y los pulmones, cuando se lleva la sangre a oxigenar

A

Circulación menor

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5
Q

Vaso que sale del corazón

A

Arteria

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6
Q

es la que existe entre el corazón y el resto del cuerpo y sus sistemas

A

Circulación mayor o periférico

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7
Q

Tres capas del corazón

A

Epicardio
Miocardio
Endocardio

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8
Q

La mas externa , llamado pericardio visceral, formada por tejido conectivo laxo, presenta fibras de colageno es el sitio donde se acumula el tejido adiposo que recubre al corazón,que puede ser muy extenso

A

Epicardio

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9
Q

Es propiamente el músculo encargado de la contracción y bombeo del corazón , formada por las células de músculo estriado cardiaco, en haces de fibras en forma de espiral.

A

Miocardio

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10
Q

Capa mas interna, está formado por un epitelio de tipo plano simple sobre una lamina basal, asentados ambos sobre una capa subendotelial de fibras de colagena, fibroblastos y algunas fibras escasas del músculo liso

A

Endocardio

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11
Q

La víscera cardiaca se encuentra dentro de una bolsa conocida como…, parietal formado por células mesoteliales y tejido conectivo,

A

Pericardio

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12
Q

El pericardio en su interior cuenta con

A

Abundante tejido adiposo, y pequeñas cantidades de líquido para lubricar al corazón durante su movimiento

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13
Q

Estructura funcional mas importante del sistema circulatorio

A

Capilar

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14
Q

Diámetro del capilar

A

5-7 micrómetros, que el eritrocito tiene mayor contacto con la pared vascular y aquí libera oxigeno y recoge el dióxido y monóxido de carbono.

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15
Q

Máximo Diámetro de la aorta

A

3 centímetros

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16
Q

Órgano formado por fibras elásticas , en su interior esta revestido por un epitelio plano simple, endotelio

A

Aorta

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17
Q

La capa elástica se va perdiendo conforme se aleja del corazón y son sustituidos por

A

Músculo liso el cual va a regular la presión dentro del vaso

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18
Q

Son un tipo de capilar que tiene tres características
Células endoteliales discontinuas
Células endoteliales suelen estar fenestradas
Hay macrofagos en contacto con la luz al mismo nivel que las células endoteliales

A

Sinusoides

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19
Q

Los vasos sanguíneos están formados por 3 capas

A

Túnica intima
Túnica media
Túnica adventicia

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20
Q

Capa cuyos componentes son un revestimiento de endotelio especializado, tejido conectivo subendotelial y una lamina generalmente fenestrada de tejido elástico

A

Túnica intima

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21
Q

Capa formada por células de músculo liso acomodados en forma espiral o circular y fibras reticulares y elásticas dispersas

A

Túnica media

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22
Q

Capa formada por una lamina elástica externa irregular y tejido conectivo elástico y fibras de colagena distribuidas principalmente en forma longitudinal

A

Túnica adventicia

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23
Q

Son vasos sanguíneos revestidos por un endotelio , por donde las células linfoides , pueden escurrirse por un proceso llamado transmigración, no se observa capa elástica pero si un sistema de fibras elásticas a lo largo de su pared, muchas cuentan con válvulas que son proyecciones de la capa intima y toman forma bicuspidea

A

Venas

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24
Q

Proceso por donde las células linfoides(celulas blancas de la sangre) pueden escurrirse y pasar al tejido para llevar acabo su función

A

Transmigración y diapedesis

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25
Q

Características de las arterias

A 
Forma redondeada, menos deformada
Pared gruesa
Capa intima arrugada
Tiene tres capas(túnica media prominente)
Cuenta con una lamina interna elástica
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26
Q

Características de las venas

A 
Plana
Pared delgada
Capa intima lisa
No se pueden diferenciar las tres capas
No tiene elástica interna
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27
Q

Vaso principal

A

La aorta

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28
Q

La manera de distinguirlos es que son en realidad un espacio en blanco con una célula basofila y alargada en un extremo

A

Capilares

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29
Q

Adult total vessels length is estimated at between

A

100,000 and 150,000 kilimeters

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30
Q

Propel blood through the system

A

Heart

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31
Q

Series of vessels efferent from the heart that become smaller as they branch into various organs, carry blood to the tissue

A

Arteries

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32
Q

The smallest vessels , are sites of O2,CO2, nutrients, and waste product exchange between blood and tissue

A

Capillaries

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33
Q

Complex network of thin, anastomosing tubules called

A

Microvasculature

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34
Q

Propel blood to the pulmonary and systemic circulation

A

Right and left ventricles

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35
Q

When the body is at rest ..% of the blood moves through the systemic circulation

A

70%

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36
Q

When the body is at rest ..% of the blood moves through the pulmonary circulation

A

18%

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37
Q

When the body is at rest ..% of the blood moves through the heart

A

12%

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38
Q

Myocardium is much thicker in the wall of the ventricles, particularly

A

The left

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39
Q

Flaps of connective tissue anchored in the heart’s dense connective tissue or cardiac skeleton

A

Valves

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40
Q

Cords that extended from the cusps of both atrioventricular valves and attach to papillary muscle

A

Chordae tendineae

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41
Q

Valves and cords are covered by the

A

Nonthrombogenic endothelium

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42
Q

Functions of cardiac skeleton

A

Anchoring and supporting the heart valves
Providing firm points of insertion for cardiac muscle
Helping coordinate the heartbeat by acting as electrical insulation between atria and ventricles

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43
Q

Located in the right atrial wall, also called pacemaker, is a 6 to 7mm3 mass of cardiac muscle cells with small size, fewer myofibrils and fewer typical intercalated disks

A

Sinoatrial SA node

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44
Q

Located in the floor of the right atrium, they stimulate depolarization

A

Atrioventricular AV node

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45
Q

The AV node is continuous with specialized bundles of cardiac muscle fibers the….,

A

AV bundles or His

46
Q

The AV node is continuous with specialized bundles of cardiac muscle fibers the AV bundles (of His), that run along the interventricular septum to the apex of the heart, where they branch further as …., that extend into myocardium of the ventricles

A

Conducting (Purkinje) fibers

47
Q

Subendocardial conducting network of myofibers usually called …

A

Purkinje fibers

48
Q

These are pale staining fibers, larger than the adjacent contractile muscle fibers, with sparse, peripheral myofibrils and much glycogen

A

Purkinje fibers

49
Q

Slow the heartbeat

A

Parasympathetic division (vagus nerve)

50
Q

Accelerates activity of the pacemaker

A

Sympathetic nerve

51
Q

Occurs when partially occluded coronary arteries cause local oxygen deprivation

A

Angina pectoris

52
Q

Abnormalities in the structure of heart valves, produces An abnormal heart sound referred to as

A

Heart murmur

53
Q

Wall of all blood vessels except capillaries contain

A

Smooth muscle

Connective tissue

54
Q

Endothelium presents …, on which blood will not clot and actively secrets agents that control local clot formation

A

Nonthrombotic surface

55
Q

Endothelium presents nonthrombotic surface on which blood will not clot and actively secrets agents that control local clot formation such as

A

Heparin
Tissue plasminogen activator
Von Willebrand factor

56
Q

The endothelial cell regulate local vascular tone and blood flow by secreting various factors that stimulate smooth muscle contraction such as

A

Endothelin 1

Angiotensin converting enzyme ACE

57
Q

The cell endothelial regulate local vascular tone and blood flow by secreting various factors that stimulate smooth muscle relaxation such as

A

Nitric oxide

Prostcyclin

58
Q

Endothelium has several roles in inflammation and local immune responses, ….. Is expressed rapidly on the luminal surface when enlongated granules called Weibel Palade bodies fuse with the cell membrane

A

P selectin

59
Q

Endothelium cells secret factors that affect the activity of local white blood cells during inflammation

A

Interleukins

60
Q

Stimulate vasculogenesis

A

Vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF

61
Q

Promote capillary sprouting and out growth from small existing vessels (angogenesis)

A

Vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF

62
Q

Stimulates endothelial cells to recruit smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts to form the other tissues of the vascular wall

A

Angiopoietins

63
Q

Release factors that initiate a cascade of events that produce fibrin from circulating plasma fibrinogen

A

Platelets

64
Q

A fibrin framework quickly forms to stop blood loss from the damaged vessels

A

Thrombus

65
Q

From large thrombi, solid masses may detach and be carried by the blood to obstruct distant vessels

A

Emboli

66
Q

Individuals in the initial stages of medical conditions involving thrombus formation such as myocardial infarct, stroke, or pulmonary embolism are treated with

A

Tissue plasminogen activator or tPA , this is a serine protease that breaks down fibrin and quickly dissolves the clot

67
Q

Are connected by gap junctions and permit vasoconstriction and vasodilatation

A

Smooth muscle cells

68
Q

Are found in the subendotelial layer, between the smooth muscle layers and in the outer covering

A

Collagen fibers

69
Q

Provide the resiliency required for the vascular wall to expand under pressure

A

Elastin fibers

70
Q

Contribute to the physical and metabolic properties of the wall in different vessels affecting permeability

A

Proteoglycans

Hyaluronate

71
Q

Consist of the endothelium and thin subendothelial layer of loose connective tissue

A

Intima

72
Q

In arteries and large veins, the intima includes a limiting layer

A

The internal elastic lamina composed of elastin with holes allowing better diffusion of substances from blood deeper into the wall

73
Q

Consist of concentric layers of helically arranged smooth muscle cells, interposed among the muscle fibers are amount of elastic lamellae , reticular fibers and proteoglycans produced by smooth muscle cells

A

Tunica media

74
Q

In arteries the media have

A

A thin external elastic lamina separating the externa tunic

75
Q

Consist principally of type I collagen and elastic fibers , and is continuous with the stromal connective tissue

A

Adventitia

76
Q

Arteries, venules, capillaries in the adventitia

A

Vasa vasorum

77
Q

Have more vasa vasorum than arteries because carry desoxigenated blood

A

Large veins

78
Q

The adventitia of larger vessels contains a network of autonomic nerves fibers …, which release the vasoconstrictor Norepinephrine

A

Vasomotor nerves

79
Q

Examples of elastic arteries

A

Aorta, pulmonary artery and their largest branches

80
Q

Also called conducting arteries

A

Elastic arteries

81
Q

The most prominent feature of elastic arteries is the thick media each about

A

10 micrometers alternate with layers of smooth muscle fibers

82
Q

Important function of elastic arteries

A

Making blood flow more uniform

83
Q

Ventricular contraction

A

Systole

84
Q

Verticles relax

A

Diastole

85
Q

Disease of elastic arteries and large muscular arteries , initiated by damaged or dysfunctional endothelial cells oxidizing LDLs in the tunica intima induces adhesion and intima entry of monocytes/macrophage to remove the modify LDLs

A

Atherosclerosis

86
Q

Lipid filled macrophage accumulate and produce a pathologic sign of early atherosclerosis called fatty streaks

A

Foam streaks

87
Q

Fibro fatty plaques, Consisting of a gruel like mix of smooth muscle cells, collagen fibers, and lymphocytes with necrotic regions of lipid,debris and foem cells

A

Atheromas

88
Q

Predisposing factors in atherosclerosis

A

Dyslipidemia
Hyperglycemia of diabetes
Hypertension

89
Q

In elastic arteries atheromas produce localized destruction within the wall, weakening in and causing arterial bulges called

A

Aneurysms

90
Q

Slight dilations of the bilateral internal carotid arteries where they branch from the elastic common carotid arteries, acts as baroreceptors

A

Carotid sinuses

91
Q

At sinuses this layer is thinner allowing greater distention when blood pressure rises

A

Media layer

92
Q

Contains many sensory nerve endings from craneal nerve IX(glosopharyngeal)

A

Adventitia

93
Q

Monitors blood levels of CO2 and O2 as well as hydrogen concentration pH

A

Chemoreceptors

94
Q

Chemoreceptors are found in

A

Carotid bodies

Aortic bodies located in the wall of the carotid sinuses and aortic archivo

95
Q

Carotid bodies and aortic bodies are parts of the autonomic nervous system called

A

Paraganglia with rich capillary network

96
Q

Paraganglia capillary network are surrounded by glomus type I cells filled with dense core vesicles containing

A

Dopamine
Acetylcholine
And others which are supported by small satélite type II cells

97
Q

Appropriate ion channels in the glomus cell membranes respond to stimuli in

A

The arteria blood
Hypoxia low O2
Hypercapnia excess CO2
Acidosis

98
Q

Glosopharyngeal nerve form sinapses with the glomus cells and signal brain center to initiate

A

Cardiovascular and respiratory adjustments that correct the condition

99
Q

Distribute blood to the organs and help regulate blood pressure by contracting or relaxing smooth muscle in the media, the intima has a thin endothelial layer and prominent internal elastic lámina, media contains up to 40 layers of large smooth muscle and external elastic lámina, and adventitia only connective tissue with vasa vasorum and lymphatic capillaries

A

Muscle arteries

100
Q

Outer diameter of muscle arteries

A

10 - 1 mm

101
Q

Outer diameter of An small arteries

A

1.0- 1 mm

102
Q

Intima layer only endothelium, 3-10 layers of smooth muscle in media and adventitia only connective tissue without vasa vasorum and his function is to distribute blood to arterioles adjusting flow with vasodilatation and constriction

A

Small arteries

103
Q

Size of 1or 2,of media layers of smooth muscle indicating organ’s microvasculature where exchanges occurs, subendotelial layer thin, elastic lamina absent and media Consist of the circularly arranged smooth muscle cells

A

Arterioles

104
Q

Arterioles outer diameter

A

Less than 0.1 mm

105
Q

The major determinants of systemic blood pressure

A

Arterioles

106
Q

Elevated blood pressure secundarily to renal or endocrine problems increase of arteriolar constriction

A

Hypertension

107
Q

Microvascular pathways in which blood flows through two successive capillary bed separated by a portal vein

A

Portal system

108
Q

Arterioles supplying a capillary bed typically form smaller branches called

A

Metarterioles in which smooth muscle cells are dispersed as bands that act as precapillary sphinters

109
Q

Distal portion of metarteriole called…, lack smooth muscle and merges with poscapillary venules

A

Throughfare channel

110
Q

Examples of portal system

A

Hypothalmic hypophyseal

Hepatic portal

111
Q

The precapillary sphinters that contract and relax to control the entry of blood, a cycle with…..cylces per minute

A

5 to 10 cylces per minute

112
Q

Diameter of a capillaries and their length

A

From 4 to 10 micrometers diameter

More than 50 micrometer

HISTOLOGÍA (21 decks)

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