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HISTOLOGÍA > Methods Of Study > Flashcards

Methods Of Study Flashcards

1
Q

Fixative use for light microscopy is

A

Formalin, isotonic solution of 37% formaldehyde

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2
Q

Fixatives often use for electron microscopy

A

Formaldehído y glutaraldehido

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3
Q

Preserve and stains membrane lípids as well as proteins

A

Osmium tetroxide

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4
Q

Embedding materials that impart rígid consistensy

A

Paraffin( light microscopy) and plástic resins

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5
Q

Porcentaje de deshidratación del etanol

A

70% al 100%

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6
Q

The fully clear tissue is then place in An oven at

A

50-60 degrees

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7
Q

Are use to preserve tissue structure by crossing linking and denaturating proteins,inactivating enzimes and prevent autolysis

A

Fixatives

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8
Q

A hard block of tissue and paraffin is place in An instrument that cut it 1-10 micrometers thickness

A

Microtome

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9
Q

Biopsy frozen in liquid nitrogen is cut with a Microtome call

A

Cryostat

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10
Q

Cells such as nucleic acids with a net negative charge stain more readily with basic dyes and are name

A

Basophilic

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11
Q

Cationic components such as proteins with many ionized amino groups, have affinity for acid dyes

A

Acidophilic

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12
Q

Examples of basophilics

A

Toluidine blue, alcian blue and methylene blue and hematoxilin

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13
Q

DNA , RNA,GAGs are

A

Basophilics

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14
Q

Eosin , Orange G, and acid fuchsins are dyes?

A

Acid dyes

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15
Q

Of all staining methods, the most commonly is

A

Hematoxilin and eosin

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16
Q

Color in H&E for acid structures

A

Dark blue or purple color

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17
Q

Color of eosin with basic structures

A

Pink

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18
Q

Second staining method most commonly used

A

pAS

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19
Q

Help to distinguish extracellular tissue components netter than H&E

A

Trichomes

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20
Q

DNA can be specifically identified and quantified in nuclei using

A

Feulgen reactions

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21
Q

Produce a purple color with glucose or polysaccharides , glycogen, GAGs and glycoproteins

A

PAS

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22
Q

Fenómenos e distorsión y pérdida de componentes llamados

A

Artefactos

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23
Q

Cuatro tejidos fundamentales

A

Epitelial , conjuntivo muscular y nervioso

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24
Q

También denominado microscopio fotonico y es el que usamos al estudiar histologia

A

Microscopio optico

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25
Q

Una membrana biológica mide…… De espesor

A

10nm

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26
Q

Tipos de microscopio

A

Optico y electrónico

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27
Q

Medidas de una laminilla y espesor

A

75 x 25 mm y de espesor .8 a 11mm

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28
Q

El sistema optico está formado por

A

Lentes oculares, lentes objetivos, condensador, fuente luminosa y filtros

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29
Q

Sistema mecánico del microscopio

A

Tubo del ocular, brazo , base o pie , revolver ,platina, pinzas y tornillo macro métrico y micrometrico

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30
Q

Cámaras. Más comunes que se utilizan en un microscio triocular

A

De 35mm o digitales

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31
Q

Ocular más común

A

10 aumentos o 10x

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32
Q

Se usa para aproximar la imagen con grandes movimientos de las lentes

A

Tornillo macrometrico

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33
Q

Sirve para enfocar de forma fina dando detalle a la imagen

A

Tornillo micrometrico

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34
Q

Condensador que sirve para hacer al microscopio “compuesto “ya que permite enfocar el haz de luz eliminando efectos de birrefringente

A

Diafragma iris

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35
Q

Objetivos más empleados son de 2x o 4x conocida como

A

Lupa

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36
Q

Objetivos 10x o 20x conocida como

A

Seco débil

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37
Q

Objetivo de 40 x llamado

A

Seco fuerte

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38
Q

100x queda inmerso en un liquido oleoso o aceite de inmersión llamado

A

Lente de inmersión

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39
Q

Mayor aumento posible en un microscopio de luz sin perder el poder de resolución

A

1000x

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40
Q

Distancia mínima que debe existir entre dos puntos del objeto para que se visualicen por separado , mínima distancia a la cual se pueden diferenciar dos puntos o objetos

A

Poder de resolución

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41
Q

Poder de resolución del ojo humano

A

.2 mm una distancia de 25 cm

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42
Q

Poder de resolución de microscopio de luz

A

.2 micrómetros

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43
Q

Poder de resolución del microscopio electrónico

44
Q

Lípid-Rich structures of cells are the best revealed with lípids soluble dyes avoiding steps that remove lípids

A

Sudán black

45
Q

Type of metal impregnation techniques usually using solutions of ….. To visualize certain ECM fibers and specific cellular elements in nervous tissue

A

Silver salt

46
Q

Time spended from fixation to observing a tissue in a light microscope may take from

A

12 hours to 2 1/2 days

47
Q

Phenomenon that happens when certain cellular substances are irradiated by light of a proper wavelength, the emit light with a longer waveligth

A

Fluorescence

48
Q

Compounds usually used specifically bind DNA and are used to stain cells nuclei emiting a characterisitic blue Fluorescence under UV.

A

dAPI and hoechst

49
Q

This type of microscope use special lens system that produces visible image from transparent objects and is use with living cells

A

Phase contrast microscopy

50
Q

Differential interference microscope that use this kind of optics which produces An image of living cells with a more apparent 3 D aspects

A

Nomarski optics

51
Q

Type of microscope that Use a láser and a plate with a pinhole include a computer- driven mirror system

A

Confocal microscopy

52
Q

The ability to rotate the direction of vibration of polarized light is called

A

Birefringence and is a feature of crystalline substances containing highly oriented molecules, such as cellulose, collagen, microtubules and actin filaments.

53
Q

Is an imaging system that permits resolution around 3nm

A

Transmision electron microscope

54
Q

In TEM the voltage difference between cathode and anode is

A

60 and 120 kV

55
Q

To have more contrast in TEM they used heavy metals ions like?

A

Osmium tetroxide, lead citrate, and uranyl compunds increasing their electron densitiy and visibility

56
Q

TEM normally requires very thin sections (40-90nm) tissue is Embedded in hard

A

Epoxy and sectioned with a glass or diamonds knife

57
Q

Freezing etching are techniques that allow TEM Study of cells without fixation or embedding and is use in the Study of membrane structure and is frozen with nitrogen

A

Cryofracture

58
Q

Is like TEM but in this kind of microscope the beam does not pass throught the specimen and is on 3D

A

Scanning electron microscopy

59
Q

Is a method of localizing newly synthesized macromolecules in cells or tissue sections using radioactively labeled metabolites.

A

Autoradiography

60
Q

Once isolated, the cells can be cultivated in a clear dish to which the adhere usually as a single layer of cells called

A

Primary cells cultures

61
Q

Process in which cultures can be maintained in vitro for long period of time call

A

Transformation

62
Q

Cervical cancer cells from a patient name Henrietta Lacks who died were use to establish on of the first cell lunes called

A

HeLa cells

63
Q

Is a method for localizing cellular structures using a specific enzymatic activity present in those structures.

A

Enzyme histochemestry or cytochemestry

64
Q

Examples of enzymes used in cytochemestry

A

Phosphatases, dehydrogenases and peroxidase

65
Q

Are used to diagnose the iron storage deiseases, heterochromatosis and hemosiderosis

A

Perls prussian blue reactions for iron

66
Q

To detected glycogenosis and mucopolysaccharidosis

A

PAS amylase and alcian blue

67
Q

Is commonly used to demostrate actin filaments in cells

A

Phalloidin

68
Q

Is usually used to localize naturally occurring or applied antibodies bound to cells structure

69
Q

Are proteins or glycoproteins that bind to specific sugar residues and are used to characterize membrane components with specific sequences of sugar residues

70
Q

The body’s immune cells interact with and produce antibodies against other macromolecules called….

71
Q

This technique requires an antibody against the protein that is to be detected,which means that the protein must have Been purified using biochemical or molecular approaches so that antibodies against it can be produced

A

Immunohistochemestry

72
Q

Different groups of lymphocytes in the injected animals recognize different parts of proteins x and each clone produces An antibody against that part and is called…

A

Polyclonal antibodies

73
Q

2 types of immunocytochemestry

A

Direct and indirect immunocytochemestry

74
Q

Diagnosis that use antígens with specific cytokerstins

A

Tumors of epithelial origins

75
Q

Diagnosis that use protein and polypeptide hormones

A

Certain endocrine tumors

76
Q

Antígens use in the diagnosis of glandular tumors, Mainly of the digestive tract and breast

A

Carcinoembryonic antígens

77
Q

Antígens use whith the diagnosis of breast Duct tumors

A

Steroid hormone receptors

78
Q

The specific binding between two single strands of nucleic acid which occurs under appropriate conditions of the strands are complementary this technique is ideal for determining if a cell has a specific sequence of DNA, mRNAs

A

Hybridization

79
Q

In hybridization technique the nucleotide sequences of interest are detected with

A

Probes consist of single stranded complementary DNA (cDNA)

80
Q

División de la microscopio electrónica

A

Microscopio de: transmisión, de barrido, de barrido de transmisión

81
Q

Se basa principalmente en la observación de una imagen que es obtenida del paso de un electron a través de un objeto

A

Microscopio electrónico de transmisión

82
Q

El haz de electrones rebota o es reflejado y lo que se captan son las diferencias en las alturas del objeto dando imagen tridimensional del mismo

A

Microscopio electrónico de barrido

83
Q

Es la capacidad que tiene un microscopio para aumentar el tamaño de la imagen

A

Magnificacion

84
Q

Procedimiento o conjunto de pasos seguidos para preparar un fragmento de tejido y poderlo observarlo al microscopio

A

Histotecnica

85
Q

Material obtenido para el estudio microscópico e histo lógico proveniente de cuñas de tejido enfermos o sanos conocido como

86
Q

Tipo de biopsia donde se extrae toda la lesión o tejido que se desea estudiar

A

Escisional

87
Q

Tipo de biopsia en donde solo se extrae un solo fragmento de la lesión o tejido y cuenta con otra parte del tejido sano

A

Incisional

88
Q

Biopsia donde se utiliza objetos o bordes filosos para raspar una superficie o cavidad

A

Legrado o curetaje

89
Q

El tren de fijación incluye

A

Fijación, deshidratación, aclara miento o diafanizacion , impregnacion e inclusión

90
Q

Solución al 40% de aldehido fórmico se le denomina

91
Q

Una solución de formol al 10% se le denomina

92
Q

Proceso en el cual se va unir y estabilizar proteínas por medio de la desnaturalización de las mismas o formación de puentes transversales con la sustancia fijadora evitando putrefaccion, tiene como objetivo detener la autolysis o necrosis

93
Q

Tipo de fijación que es la forma más común en la que el fragmento de tejido es sumergido en el medio fijador

A

Por inmersión

94
Q

Fijación por medio de la cual se inyecta o perfunde el medio fijador en el torrente sanguíneo del órgano

95
Q

Tipo de fijadores como el calor, congelación y microondas

A

Fijadores físicos

96
Q

Coagulantes más comunes y son fijadores químicos

A

Alcohol etílico , metilico y fe olivo

97
Q

Aditivos más comunes y cual es el considerado como principal fijador

A

El tetroxide de osmio , formaldehído y paraformaldehido y glutarldehido , ácido picrico, ácido acético

98
Q

Velocidad de fijación del formaldehído y a que profundidad llega

A

1.0 mm por hora y profundidad máxima de 5 mm

99
Q

Se le da un segundo uso además de ser caro y tiene afinidad por los lípidos

A

Tetroxide de osmio

100
Q

Sustancia mas empleada para el aclara miento

A

Xileno y tolueno o cloroformo

101
Q

Se extrae del árbol de Campeche y su componente activo es la hemateina

A

Hematoxilina

102
Q

Tiñe neuronas procesos neuronales y fibras reticulares

A

Tincion de plata

103
Q

Tiñe amiloide el cual es un material extracellular de secreción

A

Rojo Congo

104
Q

Azul de Prusia tiñe

105
Q

Colorante de los núcleos de la célula empleado en MET

A

Azul de toluidina

106
Q

Tiñe ADN

A

Azul de metileno

107
Q

Tincion de plata empleada para observar complejo de golgi

A

Tincion de defand tiñe de color marrón

HISTOLOGÍA (21 decks)

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