The Cytoplasm Flashcards
Explanted to tissue culture cells of the inner call mass are called
Embryonic stem cells
The plasma membrane contains proteins called …. That linked to both cytoplasmatic protein filaments and ECM components
Integrins
Outer lipids known as glycolipids include oligosacarides chains that extend outward from the cell surface
Glycolipids
Membrane range from
7.5 to 10 nm
Are incorporated within the lipid bilayer itself
Integral proteins
Exhibit a looser association with one of the two membrane surfaces
Peripheral proteins
The polypeptide chains of many integral proteins span the membrane several times from one side to another called
Multipass transmembrane proteins
The lipid bilayer forms from amphipatic phospholipids stabilized by
Cholesterol
Transmembrane diffusion of water molecules by ósmosis involves their passive movements throught proteins called
Aquaporins
The three kind of endocytosis
Phagocytosis , pinocitosis or fluid phase, trancytosis, receptor mediated
The occupied receptors associate with other proteins on the cytoplasmatic membrane surface and begin invagination as
Coated pits
The coated pits contain this polyptides
Clathrin
Protein secretion involving exocitosis may follow two pathways
Constitutive and regulated
Is use for products that are released from cells continuously as son as synthesis is complete
Constitutive secretion
Through this channel signals may pass directly from cell to cell without reaching the extracellular fluid
Gas junctions
The signals molecules call hormones are carried in the blood to target cells throughout the body
Endocrine signaling
The first zygotic cellular divisions produce cells called
Blastomeres
The chemical mediator are rapidly metabolized after release so that they act only on local cells very close the source
Paracrine signaling
Special kind of paracrine interaction neurotransmitters act only in adjacent cells
Synaptic signaling
Signal bind receptor on the same cell type that produced the messanger molecule
Autocrine signaling
Important in early embryonic tissue interactions, signaling molecules such as proteins remain part of a cell membrane and bind surface receptor of the target cells when the two cells Make direct phase al contact
Juxtacrine signaling
Hydrophilic signaling molecules are
Channel linked receptors, enzymatic receptors, G protein coupled receptor
Pseudohypoparathyroidism and dwarfism are diseases caused by
Defective receptors.
Are small electron dense particles about 20x30 nm in size composed by 4 segments of rRNA , have two subunits of different sizes and act to catalized the Process of protein translations
Ribosomes
Large ribosomal subunits come together by binding An mRNA to form
Polyribosomes or polysomes
Consist of saclike as well as parallel stacks of flattened cisternae and is limited by the outer membrane on the nucleous especialized for synthesis and segregation of proteins not disgned for the citosol
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Proteins to be processed through the RER contains initial ….. Which bind receptors
Signal peptides
New proteins that cannot be assemble properly by chaperones under go
Endoplasmic reticulum associated degradation
Osteogenesis imperfecta cuasada por
Deficiencia en el colageno molecular
Membrana citoplasmatica de la celula, mosaico fluido llamado tambien
Plasmalemma
Especializaciones de la membrana formada por envaginciones cilindricas rodean una zona especializada del citoplasma donde se encuentran microfilamentos se le llama
Microvellosidades
Micro vellosidades cortas y rectas que se disponen apretadas y en paralelo según el eje celular originando un borde birrefrigerante y estriado llamado
Ribete en cepillo
El citoplasma apical de células con microvellosidades suele contener una red de
Red de filamentos intermedios pero sobre todo de microfilamentos que forman la trama terminal
Microvellosidades largas y flexibles de aspecto ondulado llamados
Estereocilios
Su función es aumentar la superficie de absorción para el transporte de sustancias
Microvellosidades
Porcentaje de colageno en el plasmalemma
30% y 70 % fósfolipidos
La bícapa lípidica es en su interior
Electrofobica y negativa
When cells are frozen are fractured called
Cryofracture
A mayor role of enzymes in the smooth endoplasmic recticulum is
Phospholipids synthesis
Denote a yellowish discoloration of the skin and is cause by accumulation in extracellular fluid of bilirubin and other pigmented compounds which are usually metabolized by SER
Jaundice o ictericia
Responsable of glycogen metabolism for processing Endogenous molecules such as components of bile
SER
His funtion is to sequester and ralease Ca and is name sarcoplasmic reticulum
SER
Completes posttranslational modifications of proteins synthesized in RER and then packages and adresses these proteins to proper destination
Aparto de golgi
Detoxifies drugs, alcohol and poisons
sER
Forms vesicles and peroxisomes
SER
Materials moves from the RER cisternae to the golgi aparatous in small, membrane enclosed carriers called
Transport vesicles
When cells are frozen are fractured called
Cryofracture
A mayor role of enzymes in the smooth endoplasmic recticulum is
Phospholipids synthesis
Denote a yellowish discoloration of the skin and is cause by accumulation in extracellular fluid of bilirubin and other pigmented compounds which are usually metabolized by SER
Jaundice o ictericia
Responsable of glycogen metabolism for processing Endogenous molecules such as components of bile
SER
His funtion is to sequester and ralease Ca and is name sarcoplasmic reticulum
SER
Completes posttranslational modifications of proteins synthesized in RER and then packages and adresses these proteins to proper destination
Aparto de golgi
Detoxifies drugs, alcohol and poisons
sER
Forms vesicles and peroxisomes
SER
Materials moves from the RER cisternae to the golgi aparatous in small, membrane enclosed carriers called
Transport vesicles
Golgi receiving región
Cis face
Foward movement of vesicles in the cis golgi network of sacules is promoted by the coat protein..
COP-II
Retrograde movement in golgi is promoted by
Cop-1
Other proteins involved in direct vesicle fusion include
Golgin which interacts with enzymes
Secretory granules with dense contents of digestive enzymes are also referred to as
Zymogen granules
Are sites of intracellular digestions and turnover of cellular components range in a diameter from .05 to .5 micrometers
Lysosomes
pH intracelular de un lisisoma
5
Las enzimas lisisosomicas son inactivadas a un pH de
7.2
Indigestible material is retained within a small vacuolar remnant called
Residual body
Disease cause by defects in one or more of the digestive enzymes
Lysosomal storage disorder
Disease that his faulty enzymes is glucocerebrosidase and afect the liver and spleen
Gaucher
Disease cause by a faulty enzyme alfa-L-iduronidase and affected skeleton and nervous system
Hurler syndrome MPS I
Disease cause by muscle phosphorylase faulty and affect skeletal muscle
McArdle syndrome
Two neurologic disorders caused initially by such proteins aggregates
Alzheimer and huntington
Cause by a defective integral membrane protein needed for transport of very long chain fatty acids into the peroxisome for beta oxidation
Neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy
Deficiencies of peroxisomal enzymes cause
Zellweger syndrome
Are spherical organelles enclosed by a single membrane and named for their enzymes producing and degrading hydrogen peroxide
Peroxisomes
The cytoplasmic cytoskeleton is a complex array of
Microtubules, microfilamentos and intermediated filaments
Tubular structures organized with heterodimers of alfa,beta tubulin,hollow tube with a wall of 13 parallel protofilaments with a + and - polarity
Microtubules
Principal functions is to mantain cell’s shape and polarity provide tracks for organelle and chromosome movement move cilia and flagella
Microtubules
Diameter of a microtubule
24nm - 25 nm
The protein subunits of a microtubule is a heterodimer of
Alfa and beta tubulin
Polymeralization of tubulins is directed by …. Which contain tubulin assemblies that act as nucleating sites
Microtubules organizing center MTOCs
Energy in microtubule for assembly is derived from
GTP bound of tubulin
The dominant MTOC in most somatic cells is the ….. Which is organized around two cylindrical centrioles, each about .2 micrometers diameter
Centrosome
Is compose of nine highly organized microtubular triplets
Centrioles
Motor protein that carry materials away from the MTOC near the nucleus toward the plus end of microtubules called anterograde transport
Kinesins
Carry materials along microtubules in the oposite direction retrograde transport
Dyneins
Inhibitory compounds used to study details of microtubule dynamics, this drugs include
Vinblastine, vincristine and paclitaxel
Consist of pair of centrioles
Centrosome
Actin filaments diameter
5nm - 7nm
Actin filaments are composed of
Globular G actin assemblies in presence of K and Mg and filamentous F actin
G- actin is added to preexisting filaments by the action of nucleation factors as
Formin
In cells both the assembly and disassembly of subunits from F actin are promote by proteins such as
Profilin and cofilin
G actin is concetrated near the cell membrane called
Cell cortex
Actin filaments may be concentrated into parallel bundles called
Stress fibers
Proteins of actin binding that helps severing and/or capping the end of actin are
Gelsolin and capZ
Proteins of actin binding that helps cross linking
Filamin
Proteins of actin binding that helps bundling
Alfa actinin
Proteins of actin binding that helps linking f actin to membrane proteins and other cytoskeletal filaments
Spectrin
Movement is usually toward the barbed + end but this protein is the only that moves in the other direction
Myosin VI
Diameter of An intermediate filament
10nm
Located in cells extensions like microvilli
Microfilamentos
Contract and move cells and change cell shape and cytoplasmatic transport and streaming
Microfilments
Are more stable of all. The cytoskeleton
Filamentos intermedios
Protein in intermediated is the most common class III intermediate filament
Vimentin
Form the subunits intermediate filaments in neurons
Glial fibrilar acidic protein
Are transitory cytoplasmic components not enclosed by membrane
Inclusions
Accumulation of lipids molecules perminent in adupocytes adrenal cortex cells, liver and other cells
Fat droplets
Aggregates of the carbohydrates polo re in which glucose is stored are visible in liver cells and with PAS
Glycogen granules
Yellowish Brown pigmented staining in many cells, especially in nondiving cells call wear and tear pigment
Lipofuscins
Is a dense Brown aggregate of denatured ferritin proteins it occurs in phagocytic cells
Hemosiderin
El complejo de unión está formado por
Zona de oclusion, zona de adherencia y desmosoma
Tight junctions una zona de fusión de las hojas externas de los plasmalemas de células vecinas, la Unión más estrecha que existe
Zona de oclusion
Anillo unitivo en todo el perímetro de una célula, no hay fusión membranal intercelular pero si hay paso de moléculas adherentes de una celula a otra
Zona de adherencia
Punto de adherencia intercelular
Desmosoma
Se sitúa en la zona apical formando un cinturón alrededor de la célula donde las caras externas se fusionan , sella el espacio intercelular.
Tight junctions o oclusion
Se sitúa debajo de la zonula occludens y forma un cinturón perimetral , las superficies internas de ambas membranas muestran un depósito de material electrodenso en el que se anclan numerosos microfilamentos
Zona adherens
Espacio de separación entre dos membranas
40nm
Llamados mácula adherens
Desmosoma
Presentan condensación de material electrodenso en su cara citoplasmatica a las cuales se anclan tonofilsmentos y en MO o espinas o puentes intercelulares en los epitelios de revestimiento planos estratificados
Desmosoma
Unión nexo, placas en las membranas plasma ticas , estrechando el espacio intercelular pero sin fusión entre ellas
Gap junctions
El espacio intercelular aparece ocupado por depósitos discretos de material electrodenso , permite el paso de sustancias.
4 nm
Lamina rica en GAGs y glycoproteins que recubre superficie externa, sintetizado por golgi
Glucocalix
Tiñe glucidos
PAS y rojo de rutenio
Formados por invaginaciones ramificadas, de membrana apical hacia el interior de la célula, presentan superficie ondulada presente en células que transportan sales y iones
Canaliculos intracelulares
Especializaciones móviles del plasmalema que rodea axonema que contiene microtubulos centrales y nueve dobles periféricos formados estos últimos microtubulos fusionados
Cilios
contiene microtubulos centrales y nueve dobles periféricos formados estos últimos microtubulos fusionados con prolongaciones cortas de brazos de dineina
Axonema
El axonema está anclado por su parte basal a un centriolo llamado
Cuerpo basal
El par central del axonema se origina en
Placa basal del cilio
Tienen estructura de los cilios pero son largos y recorrido ondulante
Flagelo
Se encuentran en membrana basal en contacto con la lamina basal , corresponde a estructura de medio desmosoma
Hemidesmosoma
Miden 24 nm de diámetro
Microtubules
Formado por 13 protofilamentos de tubulina alfa y beta
Microtubules
Tienen en su interior 10 pares dé microtubulos con un par de microtubulos en el centro separados 40 a 80nm y nueve pares rodeando al par central
Cilios
Polimeros de alfa actinina con un diámetro de 4nm
Microfilamentos
Sitio de anclaje del citoesqueleto que le da rigidez y soporte mecánico a las microvellosidades
Trama terminal
Promotores de la fagocitosis se llaman
Opsoninas
Todos los macrofagos derivan del
Monocito
Miden 11nm de diámetro
Filamentos intermedios
6 variedades de filamentos intermedios son
Citoqueratina, desmina, lamina(envoltura nuclear), neurofilamentos, proteins gliofibrilar ácida,vimentina (embrion)
