The Leukon Flashcards
What are the 5 major categories of leukocytes in mammals?
Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)
Mononuclear cells (lymphocytes, monocytes)
Neutrophils appear at what stage when infection and necrosis are present?
first
What does a mature neutrophil look like?
Multi-lobed nucleus w/ clear cytoplasm
Neutrophilia is demonstrated by…
an increase in neutrophils
Neutropenia is demonstrated by…
a decrease in neutrophils
An increase in bands leads to a…
Left shift
What neutrophil changes might you see in septic infections and toxemias?
- Increase in cytoplasmic vacuolation
- Increase in cytoplasmic basophilia
- Doehle bodies
An increase in bands in a left shift demonstrates…
inflammation, hemolysis, and primary bone marrow disease
What are the primary neutrophil granules?
Lysosomes
Lysosomes release…
Myeloperoxidase
Lysozyme
Neutral proteases
Acid Hydrolases
What is Lactoferrin? What does it do?
It is a chemotactic for neutrophils
Stimulates oxidative burst
Binds strongly to acid macromolecules
Sequesters Fe w/i phage during chronic dz & acute inflammation
Neutrophilia degree depends on…
Production rate, BM release rate, demargination, half-life, diapedesis into tissues
What is the circulation time and production time of neutrophils?
Circulation time: 6-8 hrs
Production time: 6d
An increase in neutrophils does NOT mean ___, it may just mean ___ is present
infection; inflammation
Epinephrine mobilizes by
neutrophil demargination
Endotoxin increases…
BM release of neutrophils
How does cortisol affect neutrophils?
Increases bone marrow release
Decreases diapedesis
Peak neutrophilia occurs within 4-8 hrs
When might eosinophilia occur?
Parasitic infections
Hypersensitivity
When might eosinopenia occur?
Stress
Hyperadrenocorticism
Steroid txt
What makes a sighthound eosinophil different than other species?
Lack visible granules
Appear slightly segmented
Grey Cytoplasm
Vacuoles present
‘Moth-eaten’ appearance making them easily mistaken for toxic neuts or monocytes
What do the granules in eosinophils look like in cats?
small, rod-shaped, orange
Fill cytoplasm
What do the granules look like in equine eosinophils?
large, globular, orange
Basophils are ___ in normal dog blood
rare
What are the major identification features of canine basophils?
- Long & folded nucleus (ribbon-like)
- Unusual grey to lavender hue of cytoplasm
What are the major identifying features of feline basophils?
- packs w/ small, slightly oval, pale lavender granules
- nucleus has granules lying on top of chromatin that look like vacuoles
What are the major identifying features of equine & ruminant basophils?
- Small deep purple granules that may obscure the nucleus
- Granules present may indicate degranulation of the sample
- Nuclear lobes
Monocytes are the …
largest circulating cell
Monocytosis may occur w/
Chronic inflammation in most species
Dogs txt’d w/ corticosteroids
Monocytopenia is…
rare
These are examples of…
Monocytes
What are some possible identifying features of monocytes?
- Light to deep blue cytoplasm w/ convoluted nuclei
- Reticular chromatin or only slightly condensed
- larger than neighboring neutrophils & lymphocytes
- small pink granules possible
- small discrete vacuoles possible
- nuclear shape variable
- Cytoplasm may appear slightly grainy or coarse compared to lymphocyte
These are examples of…
Lymphocytes
What are some identifying features of lymphocytes?
- small, round, mononuclear cell
- dense, blue nucleus
- this rim of pale blue cytoplasm
A decrease in lymphocytes is known as
lymphopenia
An increase in lymphocytes is known as
lymphocytosis
Mild lymphopenia can occur…
in stressed animals
animals on corticosteroids
What are some causes of lymphocytosis?
- stress (adrenalin) in pigs, cats, young horses
- puppy immunizations
- chronic inflammation in cattle
- lymphosarcoma, leukemia
- cell-mediated immune response
- neoplasia
What are some causes of lymphopenia?
- Stress or endogenous cortisol leading to lymphocyte shunting to BM, which in some species causes a lympholytic effect
- Viral
- GI infection
- Ehrlichiosis
- Theileria
- Lymphangiectasia
- Neoplasia
- Renal disease w/ uremia
Name the species.
Canine
Name the species.
Feline
Name the species.
Equine
What is an important feature of blood cells to remember in equines?
They have a marked tendency to form rouleaux
What occurs in horses during exercise?
- PCV increases 43-53%
- increase in neutrophilia & eosinopenia
- Slight increase in TP
Leukopenia with a degenerative left shift in horses gives what prognosis?
Guarded
What is the steroid triad in equines?
Lymphopenia, eosinopenia, mature neutrophilia
Name the species.
Bovine
Name the species.
Bovine.
Bovine blood cells are resistant to…
rouleaux
Jersey & Guernsey cattle have…
lower RBC & WBC counts
What is the name of deep-clefted large lymphocytes present in bovines?
Reider cells
Name the species.
Bovine
Name the species.
Avian
