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Hemolymphatics > The Leukon > Flashcards

The Leukon Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 major categories of leukocytes in mammals?

A

Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)
Mononuclear cells (lymphocytes, monocytes)

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2
Q

Neutrophils appear at what stage when infection and necrosis are present?

A

first

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3
Q

What does a mature neutrophil look like?

A

Multi-lobed nucleus w/ clear cytoplasm

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4
Q

Neutrophilia is demonstrated by…

A

an increase in neutrophils

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5
Q

Neutropenia is demonstrated by…

A

a decrease in neutrophils

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6
Q

An increase in bands leads to a…

A

Left shift

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7
Q

What neutrophil changes might you see in septic infections and toxemias?

A
  • Increase in cytoplasmic vacuolation
  • Increase in cytoplasmic basophilia
  • Doehle bodies
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8
Q

An increase in bands in a left shift demonstrates…

A

inflammation, hemolysis, and primary bone marrow disease

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9
Q

What are the primary neutrophil granules?

A

Lysosomes

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10
Q

Lysosomes release…

A

Myeloperoxidase
Lysozyme
Neutral proteases
Acid Hydrolases

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11
Q

What is Lactoferrin? What does it do?

A

It is a chemotactic for neutrophils
Stimulates oxidative burst
Binds strongly to acid macromolecules
Sequesters Fe w/i phage during chronic dz & acute inflammation

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12
Q

Neutrophilia degree depends on…

A

Production rate, BM release rate, demargination, half-life, diapedesis into tissues

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13
Q

What is the circulation time and production time of neutrophils?

A

Circulation time: 6-8 hrs
Production time: 6d

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14
Q

An increase in neutrophils does NOT mean ___, it may just mean ___ is present

A

infection; inflammation

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15
Q

Epinephrine mobilizes by

A

neutrophil demargination

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16
Q

Endotoxin increases…

A

BM release of neutrophils

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17
Q

How does cortisol affect neutrophils?

A

Increases bone marrow release
Decreases diapedesis
Peak neutrophilia occurs within 4-8 hrs

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18
Q

When might eosinophilia occur?

A

Parasitic infections
Hypersensitivity

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19
Q

When might eosinopenia occur?

A

Stress
Hyperadrenocorticism
Steroid txt

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20
Q

What makes a sighthound eosinophil different than other species?

A

Lack visible granules
Appear slightly segmented
Grey Cytoplasm
Vacuoles present
‘Moth-eaten’ appearance making them easily mistaken for toxic neuts or monocytes

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21
Q

What do the granules in eosinophils look like in cats?

A

small, rod-shaped, orange
Fill cytoplasm

22
Q

What do the granules look like in equine eosinophils?

A

large, globular, orange

23
Q

Basophils are ___ in normal dog blood

A

rare

24
Q

What are the major identification features of canine basophils?

A
  • Long & folded nucleus (ribbon-like)
  • Unusual grey to lavender hue of cytoplasm
25
Q

What are the major identifying features of feline basophils?

A
  • packs w/ small, slightly oval, pale lavender granules
  • nucleus has granules lying on top of chromatin that look like vacuoles
26
Q

What are the major identifying features of equine & ruminant basophils?

A
  • Small deep purple granules that may obscure the nucleus
  • Granules present may indicate degranulation of the sample
  • Nuclear lobes
27
Q

Monocytes are the …

A

largest circulating cell

28
Q

Monocytosis may occur w/

A

Chronic inflammation in most species
Dogs txt’d w/ corticosteroids

29
Q

Monocytopenia is…

A

rare

30
Q

These are examples of…

A

Monocytes

31
Q

What are some possible identifying features of monocytes?

A
  • Light to deep blue cytoplasm w/ convoluted nuclei
  • Reticular chromatin or only slightly condensed
  • larger than neighboring neutrophils & lymphocytes
  • small pink granules possible
  • small discrete vacuoles possible
  • nuclear shape variable
  • Cytoplasm may appear slightly grainy or coarse compared to lymphocyte
32
Q

These are examples of…

A

Lymphocytes

33
Q

What are some identifying features of lymphocytes?

A
  • small, round, mononuclear cell
  • dense, blue nucleus
  • this rim of pale blue cytoplasm
34
Q

A decrease in lymphocytes is known as

A

lymphopenia

35
Q

An increase in lymphocytes is known as

A

lymphocytosis

36
Q

Mild lymphopenia can occur…

A

in stressed animals
animals on corticosteroids

37
Q

What are some causes of lymphocytosis?

A
  • stress (adrenalin) in pigs, cats, young horses
  • puppy immunizations
  • chronic inflammation in cattle
  • lymphosarcoma, leukemia
  • cell-mediated immune response
  • neoplasia
38
Q

What are some causes of lymphopenia?

A
  • Stress or endogenous cortisol leading to lymphocyte shunting to BM, which in some species causes a lympholytic effect
  • Viral
  • GI infection
  • Ehrlichiosis
  • Theileria
  • Lymphangiectasia
  • Neoplasia
  • Renal disease w/ uremia
39
Q

Name the species.

A

Canine

40
Q

Name the species.

A

Feline

41
Q

Name the species.

A

Equine

42
Q

What is an important feature of blood cells to remember in equines?

A

They have a marked tendency to form rouleaux

43
Q

What occurs in horses during exercise?

A
  • PCV increases 43-53%
  • increase in neutrophilia & eosinopenia
  • Slight increase in TP
44
Q

Leukopenia with a degenerative left shift in horses gives what prognosis?

A

Guarded

45
Q

What is the steroid triad in equines?

A

Lymphopenia, eosinopenia, mature neutrophilia

46
Q

Name the species.

A

Bovine

47
Q

Name the species.

A

Bovine.

48
Q

Bovine blood cells are resistant to…

A

rouleaux

49
Q

Jersey & Guernsey cattle have…

A

lower RBC & WBC counts

50
Q

What is the name of deep-clefted large lymphocytes present in bovines?

A

Reider cells

51
Q

Name the species.

A

Bovine

52
Q

Name the species.

A

Avian

Hemolymphatics (21 decks)

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