The Leukon

Question 1

What are the 5 major categories of leukocytes in mammals?

Answer 1

Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)
Mononuclear cells (lymphocytes, monocytes)

Question 2

Neutrophils appear at what stage when infection and necrosis are present?

Answer 2

first

Question 3

What does a mature neutrophil look like?

Answer 3

Multi-lobed nucleus w/ clear cytoplasm

Question 4

Neutrophilia is demonstrated by…

Answer 4

an increase in neutrophils

Question 5

Neutropenia is demonstrated by…

Answer 5

a decrease in neutrophils

Question 6

An increase in bands leads to a…

Answer 6

Left shift

Question 7

What neutrophil changes might you see in septic infections and toxemias?

Answer 7

• Increase in cytoplasmic vacuolation
• Increase in cytoplasmic basophilia
• Doehle bodies

Question 8

An increase in bands in a left shift demonstrates…

Answer 8

inflammation, hemolysis, and primary bone marrow disease

Question 9

What are the primary neutrophil granules?

Answer 9

Lysosomes

Question 10

Lysosomes release…

Answer 10

Myeloperoxidase
Lysozyme
Neutral proteases
Acid Hydrolases

Question 11

What is Lactoferrin? What does it do?

Answer 11

It is a chemotactic for neutrophils
Stimulates oxidative burst
Binds strongly to acid macromolecules
Sequesters Fe w/i phage during chronic dz & acute inflammation

Question 12

Neutrophilia degree depends on…

Answer 12

Production rate, BM release rate, demargination, half-life, diapedesis into tissues

Question 13

What is the circulation time and production time of neutrophils?

Answer 13

Circulation time: 6-8 hrs
Production time: 6d

Question 14

An increase in neutrophils does NOT mean ___, it may just mean ___ is present

Answer 14

infection; inflammation

Question 15

Epinephrine mobilizes by

Answer 15

neutrophil demargination

Question 16

Endotoxin increases…

Answer 16

BM release of neutrophils

Question 17

How does cortisol affect neutrophils?

Answer 17

Increases bone marrow release
Decreases diapedesis
Peak neutrophilia occurs within 4-8 hrs

Question 18

When might eosinophilia occur?

Answer 18

Parasitic infections
Hypersensitivity

Question 19

When might eosinopenia occur?

Answer 19

Stress
Hyperadrenocorticism
Steroid txt

Question 20

What makes a sighthound eosinophil different than other species?

Answer 20

Lack visible granules
Appear slightly segmented
Grey Cytoplasm
Vacuoles present
‘Moth-eaten’ appearance making them easily mistaken for toxic neuts or monocytes

Question 21

What do the granules in eosinophils look like in cats?

Answer 21

small, rod-shaped, orange
Fill cytoplasm

Question 22

What do the granules look like in equine eosinophils?

Answer 22

large, globular, orange

Question 23

Basophils are ___ in normal dog blood

Answer 23

rare

Question 24

What are the major identification features of canine basophils?

Answer 24

• Long & folded nucleus (ribbon-like)
• Unusual grey to lavender hue of cytoplasm

Question 25

What are the major identifying features of feline basophils?

Answer 25

- packs w/ small, slightly oval, pale lavender granules - nucleus has granules lying on top of chromatin that look like vacuoles

Question 26

What are the major identifying features of equine & ruminant basophils?

Answer 26

- Small deep purple granules that may obscure the nucleus - Granules present may indicate degranulation of the sample - Nuclear lobes

Question 27

Monocytes are the ...

Answer 27

largest circulating cell

Question 28

Monocytosis may occur w/

Answer 28

Chronic inflammation in most species Dogs txt'd w/ corticosteroids

Question 29

Monocytopenia is...

Answer 29

rare

Question 30

These are examples of...

Answer 30

Monocytes

Question 31

What are some possible identifying features of monocytes?

Answer 31

- Light to deep blue cytoplasm w/ convoluted nuclei - Reticular chromatin or only slightly condensed - larger than neighboring neutrophils & lymphocytes - small pink granules possible - small discrete vacuoles possible - nuclear shape variable - Cytoplasm may appear slightly grainy or coarse compared to lymphocyte

Question 32

These are examples of...

Answer 32

Lymphocytes

Question 33

What are some identifying features of lymphocytes?

Answer 33

- small, round, mononuclear cell - dense, blue nucleus - this rim of pale blue cytoplasm

Question 34

A decrease in lymphocytes is known as

Answer 34

lymphopenia

Question 35

An increase in lymphocytes is known as

Answer 35

lymphocytosis

Question 36

Mild lymphopenia can occur...

Answer 36

in stressed animals animals on corticosteroids

Question 37

What are some causes of lymphocytosis?

Answer 37

- stress (adrenalin) in pigs, cats, young horses - puppy immunizations - chronic inflammation in cattle - lymphosarcoma, leukemia - cell-mediated immune response - neoplasia

Question 38

What are some causes of lymphopenia?

Answer 38

- Stress or endogenous cortisol leading to lymphocyte shunting to BM, which in some species causes a lympholytic effect - Viral - GI infection - Ehrlichiosis - Theileria - Lymphangiectasia - Neoplasia - Renal disease w/ uremia

Question 39

Name the species.

Answer 39

Canine

Question 40

Name the species.

Answer 40

Feline

Question 41

Name the species.

Answer 41

Equine

Question 42

What is an important feature of blood cells to remember in equines?

Answer 42

They have a marked tendency to form rouleaux

Question 43

What occurs in horses during exercise?

Answer 43

- PCV increases 43-53% - increase in neutrophilia & eosinopenia - Slight increase in TP

Question 44

Leukopenia with a degenerative left shift in horses gives what prognosis?

Answer 44

Guarded

Question 45

What is the steroid triad in equines?

Answer 45

Lymphopenia, eosinopenia, mature neutrophilia

Question 46

Name the species.

Answer 46

Bovine

Question 47

Name the species.

Answer 47

Bovine.

Question 48

Bovine blood cells are resistant to...

Answer 48

rouleaux

Question 49

Jersey & Guernsey cattle have...

Answer 49

lower RBC & WBC counts

Question 50

What is the name of deep-clefted large lymphocytes present in bovines?

Answer 50

Reider cells

Question 51

Name the species.

Answer 51

Bovine

Question 52

Name the species.

Answer 52

Avian