Equine Haemolymphatic Diseases 1 & 2 Flashcards by Rebecca Hancorne

What is the life cycle of a RBC?

120 days

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PCV is the percentage of…

RBCs in circulating blood

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Where is the reserve of RBCs stored?

Equine spleen

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Adrenaline in a horse causes an increase in

PCV

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Tranquilizers/anesthetics in a horses causes a decrease in…

PCV

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When is the best time to blood sample?

first thing in the morning, before feeding/exercising

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What are normal ranges of a PCV in horses stallions, foals, racehorses in training?

32-53%

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Haemoglobin indicates the

oxygen carrying capacity

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What is macrocytic anaemia? What is it caused by?

High MCV - immature cells
Blood loss (ulcers, bleeder)

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What is microcytic anaemia?
What is it caused by?

Low MCV - low in raw materials
Fe or Cu deficiency

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What does the presence of spherocytes demonstrate in horses?

IMHA

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What does the presence of Heinz bodies demonstrate in horses?

Oxidant injury

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What is a sign of leukopenia when looking at total white blood cell count?

<6,000/ microlitres

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What is a sign of leukocytosis
when looking at total white blood cell count?

> 10,000/microlitres

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What is the life cycle in circulation of neutrophils?

7 hours

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How long does it take a neutrophil to respond to damage?

<4 hrs

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Band neutrophils are…

immature neutrophils

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Toxic neutrophils have what three things?

Cytoplasmic vacuoles
Granules
Dohle Bodies

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Band neutrophils and toxic neutrophils together on a cytology indicate…

intense stimulation of neutrophil production
shortened maturation time in the bone marrow

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Lymphocytes are considered…

long-lived

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Lymphocytes are the 2nd…

line of defense

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Increases in monocytes suggests…

chronic inflammation

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An increase in eosinophils suggests an

increase with allergies or parasites

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Leukopenia occurs in

acute inflammation, trauma, endotoxemia

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Leukocytosis occurs in...

bacterial infections, prolonged inflammation, cancers, allergies, parasites

What is the definition of anemia?

a decrease in the total amount of RBCs or hemoglobin in the blood

Anemia results in...

- decreased oxygen carrying capacity of the blood - decreased oncotic pressure in circulation

What are some clinical signs of severe anemia?

- pale MM - increased HR - weak pulses - sweating - hypotension - weakness

What is a clinical signs of mild anemia?

poor performance

What might you see on hematology as signs of anemia?

decreased PCV, RBC, Hb

Regenerative anemia means

- bone marrow responds appropriately - increased RBC production, reticulocytes

Non-regenerative anemia means

- BM response is inadequate

3 main mechanisms of anemia?

Hemorrhagic hemolysis decreased production

External acute blood loss may be caused by...

trauma Sx

Internal blood loss may be caused by...

rupture of major blood vessel fractured ribs splenic/liver rupture Iatrogenic

What are some clinical signs of internal blood loss?

hemothorax, hemoabdomen

What are clinical signs of hypovolemic shock?

Tachycardia, tachypnoea, hypothermia, pale/dry MM, prolonged CRT, cold extremities, muscle weakness

What general percentage of PCV drop may suggest a need to do a whole blood transfusion?

below 18% acutely

Chronic blood loss may have what PCV?

<15%

Chronic blood loss may come from

the respiratory tract GIT urinary tract coagulopathies

What can cause blood loss from the respiratory tract?

EIPH guttural pouch mycosis ethmoid hematoma fungal rhinitis pneumonia pulmonary abscess neoplasia

What can cause blood loss from the GIT?

parasites ulcers right dorsal colitis neoplasia

What might cause blood loss from the urinary tract?

cystitis calculi renal papillary necrosis neoplasia

What might cause blood loss due to coagulopathies?

Toxins inherited thrombocytopenia DIC

hemolysis is the destruction of

RBCs

hemolysis can be ... or ...

intravascular or extravascular

What are mechanisms that might cause hemolytic anemia?

infectious, immune-mediated, toxic

What infectious causes might cause hemolytic anemia?

Piroplasmosis Leptospirosis Equine infectious anemia

What are primary causes of IMHA?

neonatal isoerythrolysis incompatible blood transfusion

What does it mean to have a primary causes of IMHA?

- antibodies combine w/ antigen on the RBC

What does it mean to have a secondary causes of IMHA?

infection, drug, neoplasia

What are some toxic causes that cause hemolytic anemia?

- phenothiazines - onions - red maple leaves

What are some clinical signs of hemolytic anemia?

- depression, weakness, lethargy - poor performance - tachycardia, tachypnoea - icterus - +/- fever

What are some clinical pathologies that cause hemolytic anemia?

- hemoglobinemia - hyperbilirubinemia - hemoglobinuria - +/- neutrophilia/Left shift - +/- azotemia

Inadequate erythropoiesis can be caused by what nutritional deficiencies?

Fe and Cu deficiencies

What are mechanisms of anemia of chronic disease?

- damaged RBCs, increased removal, failure of BM to compensate - Fe sequestration - renal disease - Myelophythisis

Aplastic anemia is the failure of

- stem cells to undergo differentiation - peripheral pancytopenia

Erythrocytosis is typically due to a decrease in...

body fluid

Decreases in body fluid may cause...

- dehydration - splenic contraction

Coagulation dysfunction in a hyper-coagulable state could be caused by...

- endotoxaemia/sepsis - endothelial damage - Sx trauma to tissues - release of cytokines - neutrophil activation of platelets - dysregulation may occur

Coagulation dysfunction in DIC could be caused by

- thrombo-hemorrhagic disorder - thrombophlebitis

Blood and plasma administration improves

oxygen delivery to tissues and vascular oncotic pressure

Plasma provides...

immunoglobulins, clotting factors, anti-clotting factors, enzymes & transport proteins

The anticoagulant Acid citrate dextrose should be at what ratio in the blood?

1:9

How much blood can donate how much blood?

8-10L blood q 30d

What is vasculitis?

inflammation of blood vessels

What are the main roles of the lymphatic system?

Defense, circulatory role

Enlarged lymph nodes may lead to what conditions?

- granulomatous lymphadenitis - lymphadenitis - neoplasia

What are the main functions of the spleen?

- filter - reservoir - hematopoiesis

What condition is common in Arabian foals?

Severe Combined immunodeficiency (SCID)

SCID is due to an

autosomal recessive gene

SCID causes...

- hypoplasia of thymus & lymphoid tissue - failure of differentiation of lymphocytes

What is lymphangitis?

inflammation of lymphatic vessel(s)

What is a tell-tale sign of lymphangitis?

Massive swelling of the leg, pitting oedema, firms up over time, possible skin sloughing, painful, fever, oozing from wounds present

Lymphangitis may be caused by what organism?

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

What are some neoplasias of the haemolymphatic system?

Lymphosarcoma (lymphoma) Plasma Cell Myeloma Myeloid Neoplasia