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Hemolymphatics > Equine Haemolymphatic Diseases 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Equine Haemolymphatic Diseases 1 & 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the life cycle of a RBC?

A

120 days

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2
Q

PCV is the percentage of…

A

RBCs in circulating blood

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3
Q

Where is the reserve of RBCs stored?

A

Equine spleen

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4
Q

Adrenaline in a horse causes an increase in

A

PCV

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5
Q

Tranquilizers/anesthetics in a horses causes a decrease in…

A

PCV

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6
Q

When is the best time to blood sample?

A

first thing in the morning, before feeding/exercising

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7
Q

What are normal ranges of a PCV in horses stallions, foals, racehorses in training?

A

32-53%

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8
Q

Haemoglobin indicates the

A

oxygen carrying capacity

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9
Q

What is macrocytic anaemia? What is it caused by?

A

High MCV - immature cells
Blood loss (ulcers, bleeder)

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10
Q

What is microcytic anaemia?
What is it caused by?

A

Low MCV - low in raw materials
Fe or Cu deficiency

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11
Q

What does the presence of spherocytes demonstrate in horses?

A

IMHA

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12
Q

What does the presence of Heinz bodies demonstrate in horses?

A

Oxidant injury

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13
Q

What is a sign of leukopenia when looking at total white blood cell count?

A

<6,000/ microlitres

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14
Q

What is a sign of leukocytosis
when looking at total white blood cell count?

A

> 10,000/microlitres

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15
Q

What is the life cycle in circulation of neutrophils?

A

7 hours

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16
Q

How long does it take a neutrophil to respond to damage?

A

<4 hrs

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17
Q

Band neutrophils are…

A

immature neutrophils

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18
Q

Toxic neutrophils have what three things?

A

Cytoplasmic vacuoles
Granules
Dohle Bodies

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19
Q

Band neutrophils and toxic neutrophils together on a cytology indicate…

A
  • intense stimulation of neutrophil production
  • shortened maturation time in the bone marrow
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20
Q

Lymphocytes are considered…

A

long-lived

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21
Q

Lymphocytes are the 2nd…

A

line of defense

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22
Q

Increases in monocytes suggests…

A

chronic inflammation

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23
Q

An increase in eosinophils suggests an

A

increase with allergies or parasites

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24
Q

Leukopenia occurs in

A

acute inflammation, trauma, endotoxemia

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25
Q

Leukocytosis occurs in…

A

bacterial infections, prolonged inflammation, cancers, allergies, parasites

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26
Q

What is the definition of anemia?

A

a decrease in the total amount of RBCs or hemoglobin in the blood

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27
Q

Anemia results in…

A
  • decreased oxygen carrying capacity of the blood
  • decreased oncotic pressure in circulation
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28
Q

What are some clinical signs of severe anemia?

A
  • pale MM
  • increased HR
  • weak pulses
  • sweating
  • hypotension
  • weakness
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29
Q

What is a clinical signs of mild anemia?

A

poor performance

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30
Q

What might you see on hematology as signs of anemia?

A

decreased PCV, RBC, Hb

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31
Q

Regenerative anemia means

A
  • bone marrow responds appropriately
  • increased RBC production, reticulocytes
32
Q

Non-regenerative anemia means

A
  • BM response is inadequate
33
Q

3 main mechanisms of anemia?

A

Hemorrhagic
hemolysis
decreased production

34
Q

External acute blood loss may be caused by…

A

trauma
Sx

35
Q

Internal blood loss may be caused by…

A

rupture of major blood vessel
fractured ribs
splenic/liver rupture
Iatrogenic

36
Q

What are some clinical signs of internal blood loss?

A

hemothorax, hemoabdomen

37
Q

What are clinical signs of hypovolemic shock?

A

Tachycardia, tachypnoea, hypothermia, pale/dry MM, prolonged CRT, cold extremities, muscle weakness

38
Q

What general percentage of PCV drop may suggest a need to do a whole blood transfusion?

A

below 18% acutely

38
Q

Chronic blood loss may have what PCV?

A

<15%

39
Q

Chronic blood loss may come from

A

the respiratory tract
GIT
urinary tract
coagulopathies

40
Q

What can cause blood loss from the respiratory tract?

A

EIPH
guttural pouch mycosis
ethmoid hematoma
fungal rhinitis
pneumonia
pulmonary abscess
neoplasia

41
Q

What can cause blood loss from the GIT?

A

parasites
ulcers
right dorsal colitis
neoplasia

42
Q

What might cause blood loss from the urinary tract?

A

cystitis
calculi
renal papillary necrosis
neoplasia

42
Q

What might cause blood loss due to coagulopathies?

A

Toxins
inherited
thrombocytopenia
DIC

43
Q

hemolysis is the destruction of

A

RBCs

44
Q

hemolysis can be … or …

A

intravascular or extravascular

45
Q

What are mechanisms that might cause hemolytic anemia?

A

infectious, immune-mediated, toxic

46
Q

What infectious causes might cause hemolytic anemia?

A

Piroplasmosis
Leptospirosis
Equine infectious anemia

47
Q

What are primary causes of IMHA?

A

neonatal isoerythrolysis
incompatible blood transfusion

48
Q

What does it mean to have a primary causes of IMHA?

A
  • antibodies combine w/ antigen on the RBC
49
Q

What does it mean to have a secondary causes of IMHA?

A

infection, drug, neoplasia

50
Q

What are some toxic causes that cause hemolytic anemia?

A
  • phenothiazines
  • onions
  • red maple leaves
51
Q

What are some clinical signs of hemolytic anemia?

A
  • depression, weakness, lethargy
  • poor performance
  • tachycardia, tachypnoea
  • icterus
  • +/- fever
52
Q

What are some clinical pathologies that cause hemolytic anemia?

A
  • hemoglobinemia
  • hyperbilirubinemia
  • hemoglobinuria
  • +/- neutrophilia/Left shift
  • +/- azotemia
53
Q

Inadequate erythropoiesis can be caused by what nutritional deficiencies?

A

Fe and Cu deficiencies

54
Q

What are mechanisms of anemia of chronic disease?

A
  • damaged RBCs, increased removal, failure of BM to compensate
  • Fe sequestration
  • renal disease
  • Myelophythisis
55
Q

Aplastic anemia is the failure of

A
  • stem cells to undergo differentiation
  • peripheral pancytopenia
56
Q

Erythrocytosis is typically due to a decrease in…

A

body fluid

57
Q

Decreases in body fluid may cause…

A
  • dehydration
  • splenic contraction
58
Q

Coagulation dysfunction in a hyper-coagulable state could be caused by…

A
  • endotoxaemia/sepsis
  • endothelial damage
  • Sx trauma to tissues
  • release of cytokines
  • neutrophil activation of platelets
  • dysregulation may occur
59
Q

Coagulation dysfunction in DIC could be caused by

A
  • thrombo-hemorrhagic disorder
  • thrombophlebitis
60
Q

Blood and plasma administration improves

A

oxygen delivery to tissues and vascular oncotic pressure

61
Q

Plasma provides…

A

immunoglobulins, clotting factors, anti-clotting factors, enzymes & transport proteins

62
Q

The anticoagulant Acid citrate dextrose should be at what ratio in the blood?

A

1:9

63
Q

How much blood can donate how much blood?

A

8-10L blood q 30d

64
Q

What is vasculitis?

A

inflammation of blood vessels

65
Q

What are the main roles of the lymphatic system?

A

Defense, circulatory role

66
Q

Enlarged lymph nodes may lead to what conditions?

A
  • granulomatous lymphadenitis
  • lymphadenitis
  • neoplasia
67
Q

What are the main functions of the spleen?

A
  • filter
  • reservoir
  • hematopoiesis
68
Q

What condition is common in Arabian foals?

A

Severe Combined immunodeficiency (SCID)

69
Q

SCID is due to an

A

autosomal recessive gene

70
Q

SCID causes…

A
  • hypoplasia of thymus & lymphoid tissue
  • failure of differentiation of lymphocytes
71
Q

What is lymphangitis?

A

inflammation of lymphatic vessel(s)

72
Q

What is a tell-tale sign of lymphangitis?

A

Massive swelling of the leg, pitting oedema, firms up over time, possible skin sloughing, painful, fever, oozing from wounds present

73
Q

Lymphangitis may be caused by what organism?

A

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

74
Q

What are some neoplasias of the haemolymphatic system?

A

Lymphosarcoma (lymphoma)
Plasma Cell Myeloma
Myeloid Neoplasia

Hemolymphatics (21 decks)

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