Redwater Flashcards
What is the common urine pH in ruminants/pigs?
> 7.4
usually 8-8.5
If a ruminant or pig has alkaline urine, you might see on a UA…
false trace proteins (up to 1+)
When does DCAD occur?
Aciduria in cattle due to RDA/RVA
Explain DCAD.
In the proximal tubule, Na+ resorption linked to anion resorption (Cl-). In the distal tubule, Na+ resorption linked to secretion of H+/K+.
In metabolic acidosis, bicarb increases, Cl- decreases. Since low Cl-, Na+ not well resorbed in PT & more Na+ ends up in DT. Since cow has low K+, more H+ has to excreted to match Na+ resorption. H+ excretion is linked to bicarb resorption, therefore bicarb can’t be eliminated. This leads to acidic urine and metabolic alkalosis is maintained.
If urine is foamy when shaken, what could this be a sign of?
protein in sepsis, inflammatory processes, or reproductive disease
Low protein in absence of WBC, RBC, bacteria or casts suggests…
glomerular loss (glomerulonephritis or amyloidosis)
What is a normal USG in a ruminant?
1.020-1.050
What is the USG that may be found in neonatal ruminants?
<1.010
What is the USG that may be found in isosthenuria in ruminants?
1.008-1.014
If the USG of a ruminant is <1.020 with dehydration, what should be suspected?
altered renal function
What might red urine be due to?
- Hematuria
- Hemoglobinuria
- Myoglobinuria
Hematuria can be due to…
Pyelonephritis
Cystitis
Urolithiasis
Enzootic hematuria
Embolic nephritis
Hemoglobinuria may be due to…
Leptospirosis
Bacillary hemoglobinuria
Cu toxicity
Post-parturient hemoglobinuria
Cold water toxicity
Myoglobinuria may be due to…
Cassia toxicity
Capture myopathy
What is this? What type of red water does it cause?
Babesiosis
Hemoglobinuria
What is the ideal habitat for the vectors of Babesiosis?
densely vegetated/rough pasture
When is peak tick activity?
spring, autumn
What is the incubation time of babesiosis?
7-21 days
What is a key clinical sign of babesiosis?
Pipestem Diarrhea
What are indicators of a poor prognosis in babsiosis?
- icterus
- black-colored hemoglobinuria
- severe weakness
- subnormal temperature
- hemic murmur in a recumbent animal that can be heard on approach
- PCV <10
- HR >140 bpm
What are some treatment options for babesiosis?
Imizol (Imidocarb diproprionate)
Laxatives (Treacle)
Blood Transfusion
Antibiotic cover
NSAID/steroids
Why would you give antibiotics in a babesiosis case? What antibiotic would you give?
If there was an anaplasma co-infection
Oxytetracycline
Why would you give NSAIDs or steroids to a babesiosis case?
Pyrexia control
What are some differentials that you might consider that resemble Babesiosis?
Hemoglobinuria: BHU, brassica poisoning, eperythrozoonosis
Hematuria: pyelonephritis, bracken poisoning
What types of tick control would you use for preventative measures against Babesiosis?
Synthetic pyrethroids
Anemia in cattle may be due to…
blood loss & reduced RBC production
What are the most common indications for blood transfusions?
Post-dehorning, castration
Abomasal ulceration
Post-calving
Babesiosis
What clinical and lab parameters might indicate a transfusion is warranted?
- sustained increase in HR
- Pale MM
- CRT increased
- Behavioral changes
- PCV 12-15 if acute blood loss
When are indications NOT to transfuse?
- Chronic anemia
- ongoing hemolysis that is immune based
- ongoing persistent hemorrhage
- prior Hx of anaphylaxis
- severely anoxic
What is a good rule of thumb for determining how much blood to replace during a transfusion in cattle?
1L/100 kg body wt
What is a normal PCV in cattle?
30
Blood is what percentage of cattle body weight?
8%
What are sources of blood for a transfusion?
Live donor
Factory/slaughter house
Autotransfusion
When collecting blood for a transfusion from a live donor, what must be added and at what concentration?
Sodium citrate 4% (anticoagulant)
1 part citrate solution: 9 parts blood
What are clinical signs of transfusion reactions?
- dyspnea, tachycardia, salivation, lacrimation, swollen head, hiccough, tremors, collapse
What are some treatment options for transfusion reactions?
Dexamethasone (if not a pregnant animal)
Stop transfusion and try again
Adrenaline/epinephrine (severe cases)
Volume overload during a transfusion can occur due to…
too rapid of administration
What are some clinical signs of volume overload during a transfusion?
Acute heart failure
Pulmonary hypertension
Cough
Dyspnea
Pulmonary edema
What is the treatment of volume overload due to a transfusion?
slow rate/stop transfusion
furosemide
Bacillary hemoglobinuria is caused by…
Clostridium novyi type D
Clostridium hemolyticum
What are signs of bacillary hemoglobinuria?
Acute onset, pyrexia, jaundice, abdominal pain, port-wine colored urine
What is the duration of bacillary hemoglobinuria?
Short course (12 hrs), may find animal dead suddenly
How do you prevent bacillary hemoglobinuria?
Vaccination
What causes leptospirosis?
Leptospira interrogans serovar Pomona or icterohemorrhagiae
What are clinical signs of leptospirosis in cattle?
hemoglobinuria
pyrexia
jaundice
petechiation
dyspnea
What causes water intoxication or salt poisoning?
Sudden access after a period of restriction or limited access so the cattle have too much too fast
What clinical signs might be seen in water intoxication or salt poisoning?
hemoglobinuria
cerebral edema
convulsions
What are treatment options for water intoxication or salt poisoning?
Blood
Diuretics/dexamethasone
Sedation
What causes post-parturient hemoglobinuria?
Phosphorus deficiency
What are clinical signs of Phosphorus deficiency?
Pica
Post-parturient hemoglobinuria
Ill thrift, poor production
What are treatment options of phosphorus deficiency causing post-parturient hemoglobinuria?
- Sodium phosphate solutions IV w/ oral P
- Additional Dicalcium phosphate or monocalcium phosphate added to feed
What are clinical signs of acute copper toxicity?
jaundice
recumbency
depression
hemoglobinuria
tachycardia, tachypnea
How does copper toxicity occur?
ingestion causes Cu storage in the liver. Once the liver is saturated, excess Cu will spill out in huge quantities acutely
How does nitrate/nitrite poisoning occur?
Nitrate accumulation in weeds & plants is ingested and the nitrate is reduced to nitrate in the rumen leading to vasodilation and methemoglobin
What are clinical signs of nitrate/nitrite poisoning?
anoxia, cyanosis, tachycardia, dyspnea, diarrhea, frequent urination, muscle tremors, weakness, collapse
What are treatment options for nitrate/nitrite poisoning?
- remove from source
- methylene blue IV
- oral antibiotics
- adrenaline
What are some differentials for nitrate/nitrite poisoning?
- sodium chlorate
- chronic copper poisoning
- silo gases
What percent of diet can lead to brassica poisoning?
> 30%
What are clinical signs of brassica poisoning?
- hemolytic syndrome, goitre, nitrite poisoning, reduced fertility
- hemoglobinuria
- weakness, anemia, jaundice, tachycardia
What is the main mechanism of brassica poisoning?
SMCO is converted to dimethylsulphide
What treatment options are there for brassica poisoning?
removal of the source
Hematuria is present in what conditions?
- pyelonephritis/cystitis
- Enzootic hematuria due to bracken poisoning
- Bovine neonatal pancytopenia
Myoglobinuria is present in what conditions?
muscle damage
downer cow syndrome
