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Hemolymphatics > Redwater > Flashcards

Redwater Flashcards

1
Q

What is the common urine pH in ruminants/pigs?

A

> 7.4
usually 8-8.5

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2
Q

If a ruminant or pig has alkaline urine, you might see on a UA…

A

false trace proteins (up to 1+)

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3
Q

When does DCAD occur?

A

Aciduria in cattle due to RDA/RVA

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4
Q

Explain DCAD.

A

In the proximal tubule, Na+ resorption linked to anion resorption (Cl-). In the distal tubule, Na+ resorption linked to secretion of H+/K+.

In metabolic acidosis, bicarb increases, Cl- decreases. Since low Cl-, Na+ not well resorbed in PT & more Na+ ends up in DT. Since cow has low K+, more H+ has to excreted to match Na+ resorption. H+ excretion is linked to bicarb resorption, therefore bicarb can’t be eliminated. This leads to acidic urine and metabolic alkalosis is maintained.

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5
Q

If urine is foamy when shaken, what could this be a sign of?

A

protein in sepsis, inflammatory processes, or reproductive disease

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6
Q

Low protein in absence of WBC, RBC, bacteria or casts suggests…

A

glomerular loss (glomerulonephritis or amyloidosis)

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7
Q

What is a normal USG in a ruminant?

A

1.020-1.050

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8
Q

What is the USG that may be found in neonatal ruminants?

A

<1.010

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9
Q

What is the USG that may be found in isosthenuria in ruminants?

A

1.008-1.014

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10
Q

If the USG of a ruminant is <1.020 with dehydration, what should be suspected?

A

altered renal function

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11
Q

What might red urine be due to?

A
  • Hematuria
  • Hemoglobinuria
  • Myoglobinuria
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12
Q

Hematuria can be due to…

A

Pyelonephritis
Cystitis
Urolithiasis
Enzootic hematuria
Embolic nephritis

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13
Q

Hemoglobinuria may be due to…

A

Leptospirosis
Bacillary hemoglobinuria
Cu toxicity
Post-parturient hemoglobinuria
Cold water toxicity

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14
Q

Myoglobinuria may be due to…

A

Cassia toxicity
Capture myopathy

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15
Q

What is this? What type of red water does it cause?

A

Babesiosis
Hemoglobinuria

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16
Q

What is the ideal habitat for the vectors of Babesiosis?

A

densely vegetated/rough pasture

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17
Q

When is peak tick activity?

A

spring, autumn

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18
Q

What is the incubation time of babesiosis?

A

7-21 days

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19
Q

What is a key clinical sign of babesiosis?

A

Pipestem Diarrhea

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20
Q

What are indicators of a poor prognosis in babsiosis?

A
  • icterus
  • black-colored hemoglobinuria
  • severe weakness
  • subnormal temperature
  • hemic murmur in a recumbent animal that can be heard on approach
  • PCV <10
  • HR >140 bpm
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21
Q

What are some treatment options for babesiosis?

A

Imizol (Imidocarb diproprionate)
Laxatives (Treacle)
Blood Transfusion
Antibiotic cover
NSAID/steroids

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22
Q

Why would you give antibiotics in a babesiosis case? What antibiotic would you give?

A

If there was an anaplasma co-infection
Oxytetracycline

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23
Q

Why would you give NSAIDs or steroids to a babesiosis case?

A

Pyrexia control

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24
Q

What are some differentials that you might consider that resemble Babesiosis?

A

Hemoglobinuria: BHU, brassica poisoning, eperythrozoonosis
Hematuria: pyelonephritis, bracken poisoning

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25
Q

What types of tick control would you use for preventative measures against Babesiosis?

A

Synthetic pyrethroids

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26
Q

Anemia in cattle may be due to…

A

blood loss & reduced RBC production

27
Q

What are the most common indications for blood transfusions?

A

Post-dehorning, castration
Abomasal ulceration
Post-calving
Babesiosis

28
Q

What clinical and lab parameters might indicate a transfusion is warranted?

A
  • sustained increase in HR
  • Pale MM
  • CRT increased
  • Behavioral changes
  • PCV 12-15 if acute blood loss
29
Q

When are indications NOT to transfuse?

A
  • Chronic anemia
  • ongoing hemolysis that is immune based
  • ongoing persistent hemorrhage
  • prior Hx of anaphylaxis
  • severely anoxic
30
Q

What is a good rule of thumb for determining how much blood to replace during a transfusion in cattle?

A

1L/100 kg body wt

31
Q

What is a normal PCV in cattle?

A

30

32
Q

Blood is what percentage of cattle body weight?

A

8%

33
Q

What are sources of blood for a transfusion?

A

Live donor
Factory/slaughter house
Autotransfusion

34
Q

When collecting blood for a transfusion from a live donor, what must be added and at what concentration?

A

Sodium citrate 4% (anticoagulant)
1 part citrate solution: 9 parts blood

35
Q

What are clinical signs of transfusion reactions?

A
  • dyspnea, tachycardia, salivation, lacrimation, swollen head, hiccough, tremors, collapse
36
Q

What are some treatment options for transfusion reactions?

A

Dexamethasone (if not a pregnant animal)
Stop transfusion and try again
Adrenaline/epinephrine (severe cases)

37
Q

Volume overload during a transfusion can occur due to…

A

too rapid of administration

38
Q

What are some clinical signs of volume overload during a transfusion?

A

Acute heart failure
Pulmonary hypertension
Cough
Dyspnea
Pulmonary edema

39
Q

What is the treatment of volume overload due to a transfusion?

A

slow rate/stop transfusion
furosemide

40
Q

Bacillary hemoglobinuria is caused by…

A

Clostridium novyi type D
Clostridium hemolyticum

41
Q

What are signs of bacillary hemoglobinuria?

A

Acute onset, pyrexia, jaundice, abdominal pain, port-wine colored urine

42
Q

What is the duration of bacillary hemoglobinuria?

A

Short course (12 hrs), may find animal dead suddenly

43
Q

How do you prevent bacillary hemoglobinuria?

A

Vaccination

44
Q

What causes leptospirosis?

A

Leptospira interrogans serovar Pomona or icterohemorrhagiae

45
Q

What are clinical signs of leptospirosis in cattle?

A

hemoglobinuria
pyrexia
jaundice
petechiation
dyspnea

46
Q

What causes water intoxication or salt poisoning?

A

Sudden access after a period of restriction or limited access so the cattle have too much too fast

47
Q

What clinical signs might be seen in water intoxication or salt poisoning?

A

hemoglobinuria
cerebral edema
convulsions

48
Q

What are treatment options for water intoxication or salt poisoning?

A

Blood
Diuretics/dexamethasone
Sedation

49
Q

What causes post-parturient hemoglobinuria?

A

Phosphorus deficiency

50
Q

What are clinical signs of Phosphorus deficiency?

A

Pica
Post-parturient hemoglobinuria
Ill thrift, poor production

51
Q

What are treatment options of phosphorus deficiency causing post-parturient hemoglobinuria?

A
  • Sodium phosphate solutions IV w/ oral P
  • Additional Dicalcium phosphate or monocalcium phosphate added to feed
52
Q

What are clinical signs of acute copper toxicity?

A

jaundice
recumbency
depression
hemoglobinuria
tachycardia, tachypnea

53
Q

How does copper toxicity occur?

A

ingestion causes Cu storage in the liver. Once the liver is saturated, excess Cu will spill out in huge quantities acutely

54
Q

How does nitrate/nitrite poisoning occur?

A

Nitrate accumulation in weeds & plants is ingested and the nitrate is reduced to nitrate in the rumen leading to vasodilation and methemoglobin

55
Q

What are clinical signs of nitrate/nitrite poisoning?

A

anoxia, cyanosis, tachycardia, dyspnea, diarrhea, frequent urination, muscle tremors, weakness, collapse

56
Q

What are treatment options for nitrate/nitrite poisoning?

A
  • remove from source
  • methylene blue IV
  • oral antibiotics
  • adrenaline
57
Q

What are some differentials for nitrate/nitrite poisoning?

A
  • sodium chlorate
  • chronic copper poisoning
  • silo gases
58
Q

What percent of diet can lead to brassica poisoning?

A

> 30%

59
Q

What are clinical signs of brassica poisoning?

A
  • hemolytic syndrome, goitre, nitrite poisoning, reduced fertility
  • hemoglobinuria
  • weakness, anemia, jaundice, tachycardia
60
Q

What is the main mechanism of brassica poisoning?

A

SMCO is converted to dimethylsulphide

61
Q

What treatment options are there for brassica poisoning?

A

removal of the source

62
Q

Hematuria is present in what conditions?

A
  • pyelonephritis/cystitis
  • Enzootic hematuria due to bracken poisoning
  • Bovine neonatal pancytopenia
63
Q

Myoglobinuria is present in what conditions?

A

muscle damage
downer cow syndrome

Hemolymphatics (21 decks)

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