Parasites of the Haemopoietic System Flashcards by Rebecca Hancorne

What are the 3 main hosts of babesiosis?

Cattle, horses, dogs

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What other species aside from the main 3 species are affected by babesiosis?

small ruminants, pigs, cats, wildlife, humans

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Is babesiosis zoonotic?

yes

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What does B. gibsoni do to the red blood cells?

Increases anti-erythrocyte membrane IgG antibodies
activated macrophages release reactive O2-
enhance phagocytosis of both infected & non-infected erythrocytes by macrophages

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What do the macrophages and NK cells do in a Babesiosis infection?

produce inflammatory cytokines & free radicals (NO)
IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-2 supplement protective immune response

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Excess production of cytokines in a babesiosis infection…

aggravates endotoxic shock
host tissue injury & damage

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overproduction of IFN-gamma leads to…

activation of macrophages, endothelial, & glial cells in the brain

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Explain the pathway of Babesiosis and it’s effect on the body.

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What babesiosis is this?

Babesia bovis

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The degree of resistance of animals to tick infestation affects transmission of…

babesiosis & stability to disease

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What is the right habitat for the vector of babesiosis?

forest pasture

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what is the treatment for babesiosis in cattle?

Imidocarb/Imizol 1.2 mg/kg SQ

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What is the main vector of Babesiosis?

Ixodes ricinus

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What is the main way the attenuated live vaccine for babesiosis works?

immunoprophylaxis

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How do you control Babesiosis?

Vaccinations

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How do you use imidocarb/ imizol for prevention of babesiosis in cattle?

2 ml/100 kg - SQ
4 wk protection, challenge results in immunity
Do not apply acaracide

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What is the treatment for dogs with babesiosis?

6 mg/kg of imidocarb/imizol

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What other treatments can be used in dogs with babesiosis?

Atovaquone (Mepron)
Azithromycin (Zithromax)

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What supportive txt can be used in dogs with babesiosis?

Blood transfusion

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What are the hosts of theileriosis?

cattle, small ruminants, horses, cats, dogs, wildlife (Indian water buffalo)

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Explain the process of pathogenesis of theileriosis.

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What is the main host of theileriosis?

Horses

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lymphoproliferative disease of theileriosis leads to…

incubation
lymphoid proliferation
lymphoid depletion

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What cytokines are produced by cells infected with theileriosis?

infected cells produce INF-alpha & TNF-alpha

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INF alpha causes changes to...

NK cells which release INF-gamma & NO

INFalpha causes changes in macrophages which leads to release of

TNF-alpha

INFalpha suppresses

T-cell responses

INF-alpha & TNF-alpha causes

- tissue damage - small petechial hemorrhages - Oedema leading to organ enlargement

Lymphocytes are... when merozoites of theileria are released?

destroyed

Lymphocytoloysis occurs in ... and causes...

- occurs in parasitized & non-parasitized lymphocytes causing cytotoxic T-cells - causes lung congestion & oedema

Lymphoid depletion leads to...

immunosuppression

What is this?

Theileria schizont (Koch's bodies) in WBC

What is this?

Theileria piroplasms in RBC

What occurs in hemoproliferation of theileria groups?

Erythrocytes are destroyed by exiting of the parasite from the rbc or oxidative damage of the rbcs Anemia caused with anoxia damaging organs

What is this?

Theileria equi

What are the forms of treatment for theileriosis?

Chemo: Quinazolinones (Halofuginone) with a coccidiostat Napthaquinones: Parvaquone, Parvaquone-plus-furosemide, Buparvaquone

How is T. equi treated?

Imidocarb at a higher dose Parvaquone

How should ticks be controlled to prevent Theilieriosis?

acaricides

What is the pathogenesis of Trypanosomosis?

- Balanced parasite growth regulatory system results in severe collateral damage to host in the long term

What is the damage caused by trypanosomosis?

- Anemia which cause tissue damage leading to myocarditis, myositis - Immunosuppression

The acute and chronic forms of trypanosomosis are determined by...

- Genetic constitution of host - previous exposure - virulence of strain

Trypanosomes appear in the blood... after exposure.

13-16 days

What occurs as parasitemia rises within the body due to Trypanosomes?

Trypanosomes induce T-cells to release IFN-gamma which increases the growth of parasite and activate macrophages

When a fever occurs in response to Trypanosomes, what does this do to the trypanosomes?

causes decrease in parasitemia until the animal is afebrile

How often would the waxing and waning of parasitemia occur with trypanosomes?

every 7-14 days

What is this?

Trypanosomes

What are the 3 main mechanisms of anemia caused by trypanosomes?

i. Trypanosomes release hemolysins, enzymes, prostaglandins, TNF-alpha ii. Specific & non-specific antibodies are produced iii. hemodilution

If leukopenia occurs as a result of Trypanosomosis, what is the impact on the body?

- Infection leads to increases in NO production - Impairs BM function - Inhibition of stem cell differentiation

What are the 3 main things that occur in the chronic phase?

- Secondary degenerative changes in tissue - Damage to vascular endothelium - Immunosuppression

What are some drugs that can be used for treatment?

- Diminazene (3.5-7 mg/kg) - Isometamidium can be curative or prophylactic

What is the main vector for T. theileri?

- Tabanid flies

What is the main animal affected by T. theileri?

Cattle

What are some clinical signs of T. theileri in cattle?

Transient fever, LN enlargement, anemia, depressed milk yield, immunosuppression, intercurrent infections

What is this?

Leishmania in the bone marrow

What is the pathogenesis of Leishmaniosis?

- skin lesions because they invade mononuclear phagocytes and papules develop that progress into nodules which then necrose and ulcerate. - involves the liver, spleen, BM, LNs - macrophages & mononuclear-phagocyte-system

What are clinical signs of leishmaniasis?

Chronic wasting disease intermittent fever non-regenerative anemia Generalized lymphadenopathy skin lesions Diarrhea intermittent lameness, abnormal growth of nails

When an animal recovers from infection of Leishmaniasis, the animal has...

immunity

What is the treatment for Leishmaniasis?

Allopurinol & meglumine antimoniate for 2-6 months

What is a form of control of leishmaniasis for dogs?

vaccination from 6 mos of age 3 primary injections, then a yearly booster

What is this?

Hemoproteus tinnunculi

What is this?

Leucocytozoon sp.

What organisms cause anemia in avian species?

Plasmodium spp. Hemoproteus spp. Leucocytozoon spp.

What are some helminths that cause direct blood loss in ruminants?

- Acute Fasciolosis in sheep - Haemonchus contortus in sheep & goats - Bunostomum (cattle hookworm)

What are some hookworms in dogs/cats that cause direct blood loss?

Ancylostoma Uncinaria Angiostrongylus

What sucking lice cause direct blood loss?

Haematopinus, Linognathus, Solenopotes

What mites cause direct blood loss?

Dermanyssus

What arthropods also cause direct blood loss aside from mites & sucking lice?

fleas, severe tick infestation

What protozoa can cause direct blood loss?

Coccidia spp.