Parasites of the Haemopoietic System Flashcards
What are the 3 main hosts of babesiosis?
Cattle, horses, dogs
What other species aside from the main 3 species are affected by babesiosis?
small ruminants, pigs, cats, wildlife, humans
Is babesiosis zoonotic?
yes
What does B. gibsoni do to the red blood cells?
- Increases anti-erythrocyte membrane IgG antibodies
- activated macrophages release reactive O2-
- enhance phagocytosis of both infected & non-infected erythrocytes by macrophages
What do the macrophages and NK cells do in a Babesiosis infection?
- produce inflammatory cytokines & free radicals (NO)
- IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-2 supplement protective immune response
Excess production of cytokines in a babesiosis infection…
- aggravates endotoxic shock
- host tissue injury & damage
overproduction of IFN-gamma leads to…
activation of macrophages, endothelial, & glial cells in the brain
Explain the pathway of Babesiosis and it’s effect on the body.
What babesiosis is this?
Babesia bovis
The degree of resistance of animals to tick infestation affects transmission of…
babesiosis & stability to disease
What is the right habitat for the vector of babesiosis?
forest pasture
what is the treatment for babesiosis in cattle?
Imidocarb/Imizol 1.2 mg/kg SQ
What is the main vector of Babesiosis?
Ixodes ricinus
What is the main way the attenuated live vaccine for babesiosis works?
immunoprophylaxis
How do you control Babesiosis?
Vaccinations
How do you use imidocarb/ imizol for prevention of babesiosis in cattle?
2 ml/100 kg - SQ
4 wk protection, challenge results in immunity
Do not apply acaracide
What is the treatment for dogs with babesiosis?
6 mg/kg of imidocarb/imizol
What other treatments can be used in dogs with babesiosis?
Atovaquone (Mepron)
Azithromycin (Zithromax)
What supportive txt can be used in dogs with babesiosis?
Blood transfusion
What are the hosts of theileriosis?
cattle, small ruminants, horses, cats, dogs, wildlife (Indian water buffalo)
Explain the process of pathogenesis of theileriosis.
What is the main host of theileriosis?
Horses
lymphoproliferative disease of theileriosis leads to…
incubation
lymphoid proliferation
lymphoid depletion
What cytokines are produced by cells infected with theileriosis?
infected cells produce INF-alpha & TNF-alpha
INF alpha causes changes to…
NK cells which release INF-gamma & NO
INFalpha causes changes in macrophages which leads to release of
TNF-alpha
INFalpha suppresses
T-cell responses
INF-alpha & TNF-alpha causes
- tissue damage
- small petechial hemorrhages
- Oedema leading to organ enlargement
Lymphocytes are… when merozoites of theileria are released?
destroyed
Lymphocytoloysis occurs in … and causes…
- occurs in parasitized & non-parasitized lymphocytes causing cytotoxic T-cells
- causes lung congestion & oedema
Lymphoid depletion leads to…
immunosuppression
What is this?
Theileria schizont (Koch’s bodies) in WBC
What is this?
Theileria piroplasms in RBC
What occurs in hemoproliferation of theileria groups?
Erythrocytes are destroyed by exiting of the parasite from the rbc or oxidative damage of the rbcs
Anemia caused with anoxia damaging organs
What is this?
Theileria equi
What are the forms of treatment for theileriosis?
Chemo: Quinazolinones (Halofuginone) with a coccidiostat
Napthaquinones: Parvaquone, Parvaquone-plus-furosemide, Buparvaquone
How is T. equi treated?
Imidocarb at a higher dose
Parvaquone
How should ticks be controlled to prevent Theilieriosis?
acaricides
What is the pathogenesis of Trypanosomosis?
- Balanced parasite growth regulatory system results in severe collateral damage to host in the long term
What is the damage caused by trypanosomosis?
- Anemia which cause tissue damage leading to myocarditis, myositis
- Immunosuppression
The acute and chronic forms of trypanosomosis are determined by…
- Genetic constitution of host
- previous exposure
- virulence of strain
Trypanosomes appear in the blood… after exposure.
13-16 days
What occurs as parasitemia rises within the body due to Trypanosomes?
Trypanosomes induce T-cells to release IFN-gamma which increases the growth of parasite and activate macrophages
When a fever occurs in response to Trypanosomes, what does this do to the trypanosomes?
causes decrease in parasitemia until the animal is afebrile
How often would the waxing and waning of parasitemia occur with trypanosomes?
every 7-14 days
What is this?
Trypanosomes
What are the 3 main mechanisms of anemia caused by trypanosomes?
i. Trypanosomes release hemolysins, enzymes, prostaglandins, TNF-alpha
ii. Specific & non-specific antibodies are produced
iii. hemodilution
If leukopenia occurs as a result of Trypanosomosis, what is the impact on the body?
- Infection leads to increases in NO production
- Impairs BM function
- Inhibition of stem cell differentiation
What are the 3 main things that occur in the chronic phase?
- Secondary degenerative changes in tissue
- Damage to vascular endothelium
- Immunosuppression
What are some drugs that can be used for treatment?
- Diminazene (3.5-7 mg/kg)
- Isometamidium can be curative or prophylactic
What is the main vector for T. theileri?
- Tabanid flies
What is the main animal affected by T. theileri?
Cattle
What are some clinical signs of T. theileri in cattle?
Transient fever, LN enlargement, anemia, depressed milk yield, immunosuppression, intercurrent infections
What is this?
Leishmania in the bone marrow
What is the pathogenesis of Leishmaniosis?
- skin lesions because they invade mononuclear phagocytes and papules develop that progress into nodules which then necrose and ulcerate.
- involves the liver, spleen, BM, LNs
- macrophages & mononuclear-phagocyte-system
What are clinical signs of leishmaniasis?
Chronic wasting disease
intermittent fever
non-regenerative anemia
Generalized lymphadenopathy
skin lesions
Diarrhea
intermittent lameness, abnormal growth of nails
When an animal recovers from infection of Leishmaniasis, the animal has…
immunity
What is the treatment for Leishmaniasis?
Allopurinol & meglumine antimoniate for 2-6 months
What is a form of control of leishmaniasis for dogs?
vaccination from 6 mos of age
3 primary injections, then a yearly booster
What is this?
Hemoproteus tinnunculi
What is this?
Leucocytozoon sp.
What organisms cause anemia in avian species?
Plasmodium spp.
Hemoproteus spp.
Leucocytozoon spp.
What are some helminths that cause direct blood loss in ruminants?
- Acute Fasciolosis in sheep
- Haemonchus contortus in sheep & goats
- Bunostomum (cattle hookworm)
What are some hookworms in dogs/cats that cause direct blood loss?
Ancylostoma
Uncinaria
Angiostrongylus
What sucking lice cause direct blood loss?
Haematopinus, Linognathus, Solenopotes
What mites cause direct blood loss?
Dermanyssus
What arthropods also cause direct blood loss aside from mites & sucking lice?
fleas, severe tick infestation
What protozoa can cause direct blood loss?
Coccidia spp.
