Disorders of the Leukon Flashcards
What are some common causes of neutropenias?
- infection
- immune
- Toxins
- Fe or Cu Deficiency
- Myelokathexis
- Viremia
- Cyclophosphamide in dogs
- Myeloid Hypoplasia
- Panleukopenia
- Lymphopenia
- Parvo
- Radiomimetic
- IHA w/ FeLV, Lymphosarcoma, leukemia, hemobartonellosis
What are some hereditary neutrophil anomalies?
- C3b-R in Dobermans
- C3 defect in Brittany Spaniels
- Macropolycytosis in cats
- CLAD & BLAD (canine and bovine)
What is Respiratory Burst?
NADPH from the hexose-monophosphate pathway for NADPH oxidase produces superoxide from oxygen to kill bacteria or parasites
What is the Canine Granulocytopathic syndrome? What breed is predisposed?
- Hexose-monophosphate pathway defect
- Irish Setter
What animals are predisposed to the Pelger-Huet Anomaly? What is it?
Predisposed: cats, Samoyed, Foxhound
When the nuclei of WBCs have unusual shapes and structures
What animals are predisposed to Chediak Higashi Syndrome?
- Persian cat w/ diluted blue smoke haircoat & yellow-green colored irises
- Hereford & Brangus Cattle
- Killer Whale, Aleutian Mink, Beige mice, Fox
What occurs in Chediak Higashi Syndrome?
- Decrease in granules causing platelet storage pool deficiency leading to a decrease in platelet aggregation
- Partial oculocutaneous albinism
- increased susceptibility to infection
- Lack of NK cell activity
- Hemorrhagic Diathesis
What is persistent primary granulation? What animal does it occur in?
- Birman cat
- primary granules persist in mature neutrophils
What are some Lysosomal Storage diseases? What animals are affected by each?
- Mucopolysaccharidosis VII - Dog
- Beta-mannosidase - Anglo-Nubian goat, Saler cattle
- Acidic alpha-mannosidase - Aberdeen angus & Murray Grey Calves, Persian cat
- Mucopolysaccharidosis VI - Siamese
What is hereditary cyclic neutropenia? What animal does it occur in?
Grey Collie Dog
- Recurrent Severe neutropenia leading to bacterial infections and a shortened life expectancy
What is physiologic leukocytosis?
An increase in epinephrine centralizes the marginal pool, and double total WBC count in minutes. Splenic contraction will release WBC & RBC into peripheral circulation. Mature neutrophilia w/o left shift causes the leukocytosis. Lymphocytosis may also occur in young horses and cats.
What occurs in a steroid-induced or stress leukogram in dogs? in cattle?
Dogs: When neuts predominate, steroids produce leukocytosis
Cattle: When lymphocytes predominate, WBC count variable depending on degree of neutrophilia, lymphopenia, reversal of N/L
What causes neutrophilia?
- Epinephrine demargination
- Steroids
- Acute infection
- Tissue Lysis
- GF-induced
- Type II/III hypersensitivity
- Storage pool mobilization
What are adverse effects of tissue neutrophilia?
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Acute respiratory distress syndrome
- Atherosclerosis
- Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury
- Emphysema
What are some causes of hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES)?
- feline flea-bite allergic dermatitis, eosinophil plaque, linear granuloma
- allergic rxn, parasitic infection, neoplasia, autoimmune
- FeLV inoculation
Eosinophils are tissue dwellers in what parts of the body?
respiratory
GIT
urogenital tract
Eosinophilia is most commonly caused by…
- flea-bite allergic dermatitis
- eosinophilic granuloma complex
What receptors allow for proliferation of eosinophils?
- IL-3 & 5, GM-CSF
What receptors allow for chemoattraction & degranulation of eosinophils?
ECF, PAF, LTB4
Major Basic protein (MBP) in eosinophils inactivates…
Heparin from mast cells & kills parasites in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
What are major eosinophil granule contents?
- MBP
- ASA-A
- Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP)
- Histaminase
- PLD
- PGE1
- Lysolecithiase
- Carcot-Leyden crystal protein
What are the two main avian hemoparasites?
- Leukocytozoon spp.
- Hemoproteus spp.
acute lymphocytic leukemias tend to have abnormal…
LN’s
M1 splenomegaly is common in 70% of cases of…
ALL (acute lymphocytic leukemia)
What occurs when malignancy in the immature clones of lymphocytes occurs?
Hint: Think ALL
Leukemia especially in young & pre-B cells
What occurs when malignancy in the mature clones of lymphocytes occurs?
Hint: Think ALL
Lymphoma, especially in adult or aged, and in B-cells
When there is peripheralized thymus and lymph nodes, what is the most likely diagnosis, knowing it arose from ALL?
Lymphoma
Which is more common: ALL or CLL?
CLL
A feature that is always present in CLL is…
Splenomegaly
Which has a better prognosis: ALL or CLL?
CLL
CLL is known to infiltrate…
hematopoietic tissues and solid organs
CLL often has M1-M2…
non-responsive, normocytic, normochromic anemia
When classifying leukemias, what test type is used?
Antibody test
Define M0 for Acute Myeloid Leukemias (AML)
Undifferentiated
Define M1/M2 for Acute Myeloid Leukemias (AML)
Myeloblastic w/ or w/o maturation
Define M3 Acute Myeloid Leukemias (AML)
Hypergranular promyelocytic
Define M4 Acute Myeloid Leukemias (AML)
Myelomonocytic
What is the most common type of AML?
M4
Define M5 Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)
Monocytic
2-4 week course, rare
M1 neutrophilia
M3 basophilia
Convoluted hyperchromatic nuclei
Define MH Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)
Malignant histiocytosis
Define M6 Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)
EM - Erythemic myelosis or EL - erythroleukemia
Define M7 Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)
Megakaryoblastic
Megakaryocytic
Megakaryocytic myelosis
Rapid onset myelofibrosis as increase in PDGF
Thrombocytopenia
Who is at most risk for developing mast cell leukemia?
young, mature
Male
Describe what happens in mast cell leukemia.
- Pancytopenia of normal cells: neutropenia w/ hypersegmentation, sepsis, thrombocytopenia, lymphopenia, non-responsive anemia, leukostasis
What has acute onset in mast cell leukemia?
epistaxis/melena w/ normal liver, spleen, and lymph nodes
An animal with mast cell leukemia can die from…
hemorrhage or sepsis
Cytochemical stains are used for blood and BM smears from patients with AML to determine…
the lineage
ANBE (alpha-naphthyl acetate/ butyrate esterase) stains… on cytochemical stains
red
NSE on cytochemical stain turns…
red
CAE (chloroacetate esterase) on cytochemical stain turns…
blue
Sudan black B (SBB) on cytochemical stains lipids…
black
What are myelodysplastic syndromes?
When tissue changes are leukemic, but abnormal cells are not circulating
What are some common myelodysplastic syndromes?
- RAEB (refractory anemia)
- HES (hypereosinophilic syndrome)
- CMML (chronic myelomonocytic leukemia
- LER (Leucoerythroblastic reaction)
What does a leukemoid reaction lead to?
Hemolysis
Infection
Metastatic cancer
Neutrophilia
In what conditions does rubricytosis occur?
AML, esp M6
CMML
LER
Hemangiosarcoma
IHA
Choloromas are…
extramedullary myeloblastoma associated with AML
What are some chronic myeloproliferative diseases?
- Polycythemia vera
- Myeloid metaplasia
- Chronic myeloid leukemia
What occurs in polycythemia vera?
EPO is not formed or is lowered due to negative feedback and there are no polychromatophils (retics)
What occurs in myeloid metaplasia?
- Myelofibrosis due to sarcoma or PDGF simulation w/ megakaryocyte proliferation
- inappropriate myeloid hyperplasia w/ synchronous maturation
- Anemia
- Splenomegaly may occur
What occurs in Chronic myeloid leukemia?
- Heptosplenomegaly
- HJB
- Thrombocytopenia
- May convert to AML M7
