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Hemolymphatics > Disorders of the Leukon > Flashcards

Disorders of the Leukon Flashcards

1
Q

What are some common causes of neutropenias?

A
  • infection
  • immune
  • Toxins
  • Fe or Cu Deficiency
  • Myelokathexis
  • Viremia
  • Cyclophosphamide in dogs
  • Myeloid Hypoplasia
  • Panleukopenia
  • Lymphopenia
  • Parvo
  • Radiomimetic
  • IHA w/ FeLV, Lymphosarcoma, leukemia, hemobartonellosis
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2
Q

What are some hereditary neutrophil anomalies?

A
  • C3b-R in Dobermans
  • C3 defect in Brittany Spaniels
  • Macropolycytosis in cats
  • CLAD & BLAD (canine and bovine)
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3
Q

What is Respiratory Burst?

A

NADPH from the hexose-monophosphate pathway for NADPH oxidase produces superoxide from oxygen to kill bacteria or parasites

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4
Q

What is the Canine Granulocytopathic syndrome? What breed is predisposed?

A
  • Hexose-monophosphate pathway defect
  • Irish Setter
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5
Q

What animals are predisposed to the Pelger-Huet Anomaly? What is it?

A

Predisposed: cats, Samoyed, Foxhound
When the nuclei of WBCs have unusual shapes and structures

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6
Q

What animals are predisposed to Chediak Higashi Syndrome?

A
  • Persian cat w/ diluted blue smoke haircoat & yellow-green colored irises
  • Hereford & Brangus Cattle
  • Killer Whale, Aleutian Mink, Beige mice, Fox
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7
Q

What occurs in Chediak Higashi Syndrome?

A
  • Decrease in granules causing platelet storage pool deficiency leading to a decrease in platelet aggregation
  • Partial oculocutaneous albinism
  • increased susceptibility to infection
  • Lack of NK cell activity
  • Hemorrhagic Diathesis
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8
Q

What is persistent primary granulation? What animal does it occur in?

A
  • Birman cat
  • primary granules persist in mature neutrophils
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9
Q

What are some Lysosomal Storage diseases? What animals are affected by each?

A
  • Mucopolysaccharidosis VII - Dog
  • Beta-mannosidase - Anglo-Nubian goat, Saler cattle
  • Acidic alpha-mannosidase - Aberdeen angus & Murray Grey Calves, Persian cat
  • Mucopolysaccharidosis VI - Siamese
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10
Q

What is hereditary cyclic neutropenia? What animal does it occur in?

A

Grey Collie Dog
- Recurrent Severe neutropenia leading to bacterial infections and a shortened life expectancy

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11
Q

What is physiologic leukocytosis?

A

An increase in epinephrine centralizes the marginal pool, and double total WBC count in minutes. Splenic contraction will release WBC & RBC into peripheral circulation. Mature neutrophilia w/o left shift causes the leukocytosis. Lymphocytosis may also occur in young horses and cats.

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12
Q

What occurs in a steroid-induced or stress leukogram in dogs? in cattle?

A

Dogs: When neuts predominate, steroids produce leukocytosis
Cattle: When lymphocytes predominate, WBC count variable depending on degree of neutrophilia, lymphopenia, reversal of N/L

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13
Q

What causes neutrophilia?

A
  • Epinephrine demargination
  • Steroids
  • Acute infection
  • Tissue Lysis
  • GF-induced
  • Type II/III hypersensitivity
  • Storage pool mobilization
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14
Q

What are adverse effects of tissue neutrophilia?

A
  • Rheumatoid arthritis
  • Acute respiratory distress syndrome
  • Atherosclerosis
  • Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury
  • Emphysema
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15
Q

What are some causes of hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES)?

A
  • feline flea-bite allergic dermatitis, eosinophil plaque, linear granuloma
  • allergic rxn, parasitic infection, neoplasia, autoimmune
  • FeLV inoculation
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16
Q

Eosinophils are tissue dwellers in what parts of the body?

A

respiratory
GIT
urogenital tract

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17
Q

Eosinophilia is most commonly caused by…

A
  • flea-bite allergic dermatitis
  • eosinophilic granuloma complex
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18
Q

What receptors allow for proliferation of eosinophils?

A
  • IL-3 & 5, GM-CSF
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19
Q

What receptors allow for chemoattraction & degranulation of eosinophils?

A

ECF, PAF, LTB4

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20
Q

Major Basic protein (MBP) in eosinophils inactivates…

A

Heparin from mast cells & kills parasites in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity

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21
Q

What are major eosinophil granule contents?

A
  • MBP
  • ASA-A
  • Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP)
  • Histaminase
  • PLD
  • PGE1
  • Lysolecithiase
  • Carcot-Leyden crystal protein
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22
Q

What are the two main avian hemoparasites?

A
  • Leukocytozoon spp.
  • Hemoproteus spp.
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23
Q

acute lymphocytic leukemias tend to have abnormal…

A

LN’s

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24
Q

M1 splenomegaly is common in 70% of cases of…

A

ALL (acute lymphocytic leukemia)

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25
Q

What occurs when malignancy in the immature clones of lymphocytes occurs?
Hint: Think ALL

A

Leukemia especially in young & pre-B cells

26
Q

What occurs when malignancy in the mature clones of lymphocytes occurs?
Hint: Think ALL

A

Lymphoma, especially in adult or aged, and in B-cells

27
Q

When there is peripheralized thymus and lymph nodes, what is the most likely diagnosis, knowing it arose from ALL?

A

Lymphoma

28
Q

Which is more common: ALL or CLL?

A

CLL

29
Q

A feature that is always present in CLL is…

A

Splenomegaly

30
Q

Which has a better prognosis: ALL or CLL?

A

CLL

31
Q

CLL is known to infiltrate…

A

hematopoietic tissues and solid organs

32
Q

CLL often has M1-M2…

A

non-responsive, normocytic, normochromic anemia

33
Q

When classifying leukemias, what test type is used?

A

Antibody test

34
Q

Define M0 for Acute Myeloid Leukemias (AML)

A

Undifferentiated

35
Q

Define M1/M2 for Acute Myeloid Leukemias (AML)

A

Myeloblastic w/ or w/o maturation

36
Q

Define M3 Acute Myeloid Leukemias (AML)

A

Hypergranular promyelocytic

37
Q

Define M4 Acute Myeloid Leukemias (AML)

A

Myelomonocytic

38
Q

What is the most common type of AML?

A

M4

39
Q

Define M5 Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)

A

Monocytic
2-4 week course, rare
M1 neutrophilia
M3 basophilia
Convoluted hyperchromatic nuclei

40
Q

Define MH Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)

A

Malignant histiocytosis

41
Q

Define M6 Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)

A

EM - Erythemic myelosis or EL - erythroleukemia

42
Q

Define M7 Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)

A

Megakaryoblastic
Megakaryocytic
Megakaryocytic myelosis
Rapid onset myelofibrosis as increase in PDGF
Thrombocytopenia

43
Q

Who is at most risk for developing mast cell leukemia?

A

young, mature
Male

44
Q

Describe what happens in mast cell leukemia.

A
  • Pancytopenia of normal cells: neutropenia w/ hypersegmentation, sepsis, thrombocytopenia, lymphopenia, non-responsive anemia, leukostasis
45
Q

What has acute onset in mast cell leukemia?

A

epistaxis/melena w/ normal liver, spleen, and lymph nodes

46
Q

An animal with mast cell leukemia can die from…

A

hemorrhage or sepsis

47
Q

Cytochemical stains are used for blood and BM smears from patients with AML to determine…

A

the lineage

48
Q

ANBE (alpha-naphthyl acetate/ butyrate esterase) stains… on cytochemical stains

A

red

49
Q

NSE on cytochemical stain turns…

A

red

50
Q

CAE (chloroacetate esterase) on cytochemical stain turns…

A

blue

51
Q

Sudan black B (SBB) on cytochemical stains lipids…

A

black

52
Q

What are myelodysplastic syndromes?

A

When tissue changes are leukemic, but abnormal cells are not circulating

53
Q

What are some common myelodysplastic syndromes?

A
  • RAEB (refractory anemia)
  • HES (hypereosinophilic syndrome)
  • CMML (chronic myelomonocytic leukemia
  • LER (Leucoerythroblastic reaction)
54
Q

What does a leukemoid reaction lead to?

A

Hemolysis
Infection
Metastatic cancer
Neutrophilia

55
Q

In what conditions does rubricytosis occur?

A

AML, esp M6
CMML
LER
Hemangiosarcoma
IHA

56
Q

Choloromas are…

A

extramedullary myeloblastoma associated with AML

57
Q

What are some chronic myeloproliferative diseases?

A
  • Polycythemia vera
  • Myeloid metaplasia
  • Chronic myeloid leukemia
58
Q

What occurs in polycythemia vera?

A

EPO is not formed or is lowered due to negative feedback and there are no polychromatophils (retics)

59
Q

What occurs in myeloid metaplasia?

A
  • Myelofibrosis due to sarcoma or PDGF simulation w/ megakaryocyte proliferation
  • inappropriate myeloid hyperplasia w/ synchronous maturation
  • Anemia
  • Splenomegaly may occur
60
Q

What occurs in Chronic myeloid leukemia?

A
  • Heptosplenomegaly
  • HJB
  • Thrombocytopenia
  • May convert to AML M7

Hemolymphatics (21 decks)

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