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Hemolymphatics > Sx of the Haemolymphatic System > Flashcards

Sx of the Haemolymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main components of the haemolymphatic system?

A

Lymph, lymphatic vessels, LN’s, cisterna chyli, thoracic duct

peripheral lymphatic organs –> spleen, tonsils, thymus, BM, GALT

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2
Q

What are the main lymph nodes in the head?

A

Parotid, mandibular, retropharyngeal

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3
Q

What are the main lymph nodes in the neck?

A

superficial and deep cervical

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4
Q

What are the main lymph nodes in the forelimb?

A

Axillary lymph center (axillary and accessory axillary lymph nodes)

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5
Q

What lymph nodes & how many are present in the parietal group of the thorax?

A

Ventral: cranial sternal LN’s (8)
Dorsal: aortic thoracic LN’s (1)

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6
Q

What lymph nodes & how many are present in the visceral group of the thorax?

A

Mediastinal lymph center: cranial mediastinal LN’s (6)
Bronchial lymph center: pulmonary & tracheobronchial LN’s (5)

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7
Q

What lymph nodes are present within the parietal group of the abdomen & pelvis?

A
  • Lumbar lymph center: Lumbar aortic & renal LNs
  • Iliosacral lymph center: medial iliac, internal iliac, sacral LNs
  • Iliofemoral lymph center: distal femoral LN, external iliac LN
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8
Q

What lymph nodes are present within the visceral group of the abdomen & pelvis?

A
  • celiac lymph center: hepatic, splenic, gastric, pancreaticoduodenal LNs
  • cranial mesenteric lymph center: jejunal & colic LN’s
  • caudal mesenteric lymph center
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9
Q

What are the main lymph centers in the pelvic limbs and what lymph nodes are contained within each?

A
  • Popliteal lymph center: superficial popliteal LN
  • iliofemoral lymph center: distal femoral LN, external iliac LN
  • Inguinofemoral lymph center: superficial inguinal LNs
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10
Q

What are abnormalities that can appear within the haemolymphatic system?

A

Lymphadenomegaly, lymphedema

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11
Q

Lymphadenomegaly occurs in…

A
  • reactive hyperplasia
  • infection
  • neoplasia (primary vs mets)
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12
Q

Lymphedema is the accumulation of

A

fluid in the interstitial space

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13
Q

What are the 3 types of biopsy sampling lymph nodes?

A
  • TruCut/Core Bx
  • Incisional Bx (wedge Bx)
  • Excisional Bx (lymphadenectomy)
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14
Q

What are the functions of the spleen?

A

Extra-medullary haematopoiesis
Reservoir for RBCs and platelets
Immune defense (B & T cells)

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15
Q

Generalized splenomegaly may be caused by…

A
  • inflammation/infection (splenitis)
  • immune rxn or cellular hyperplasia
  • congestion
  • infiltration
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16
Q

Localized or focal splenomegaly may be caused by…

A
  • nodular hyperplasia
  • hemangioma
  • neoplasia
  • abscess
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17
Q

What are normal consequences of splenic disease?

A
  • splenic deposits (fibrin, siderotic plaques)
  • accessory spleen/splenosis
  • splenic fissures
  • size changes (congestion, contraction - anemia, blood loss, stress)
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18
Q

What are pathological consequences of splenic disease?

A

Focal lesions - hematoma, extramedullary hematopoiesis, neoplasia

Diffuse changes - torsion, neoplasia, IMTP/IMHA, infection

19
Q

What is the arterial supply to the spleen?

A

splenic artery which comes off the coeliac artery & has short gastric arteries and left gastroepiploic arteries that come off it.

20
Q

What are acute signs of splenic disease?

A

weakness/collapse, pale MM, tachycardia, poor pulses, abdominal distension, +/- fluid wave

21
Q

What are chronic, nonspecific signs of splenic disease?

A

decreased appetite, anorexia, decreased weight, PD, lethargy, vomiting, cardiac arrhythmias

22
Q

What results on bloods might you see with splenic disease?

A

CBC: anemia, mature neutrophilic leukocytosis
Biochem: non-specific
Clotting, typing

23
Q

Splenectomy is warranted in what 3 causes?

A

Benign masses, neoplasia, torsion

24
Q

Trauma to the spleen can be considered…

A

life-threatening

25
Q

How would you approach treating a spleen that had undergone trauma?

A

Conservative treatment which may progress to a splenectomy, partial splenectomy, splenorrhaphy/repair

26
Q

What are indications for a splenectomy?

A
  • ruptured splenic neoplasia
  • suspected primary splenic neoplasia
  • splenic torsion
  • trauma (if irreparable, life-threatening)
  • adjunctive txt for immune-mediated disease (rare)
27
Q

What are contraindications for splenectomy?

A
  • physiologic or drug-induced splenomegaly
  • BM hypoplasia
  • Metastatic/systemic neoplasia
  • Clotting disorders
28
Q

What are some pre-operative considerations with a splenomegaly?

A

anemia, BP (hypotension), ECG (ventricular arrhythmias)

29
Q

What are intra-operative considerations with a splenic disease/conditions?

A

Risk of hemorrhage
Metastasis
torsion
Prophylactic gastropexy?

30
Q

If torsion of the spleen is discovered, what are your major concerns?

A

Do not untwist as it will cause death
Watch out for the pancreas

31
Q

What are some post-op complications following a splenectomy?

A

Hemorrhage
Ventricular Arrhythmias
Vascular compromise
SIRS/DIC
General complications of coeliotomy

32
Q

What is the prognosis following a splenectomy due to benign lesions?

A

good to excellent post-op

33
Q

What is the prognosis following splenectomy due to trauma?

A

Good to excellent if survives immediate perioperative period

34
Q

What is the prognosis following splenectomy due to torsion?

A

Guarded to good

Chronic torsion has a better prognosis

35
Q

What is the prognosis following splenectomy due to neoplasia?

A

Depends on tumor and staging of the neoplasia

36
Q

What are common splenic neoplasias in dogs?

A

Hemangiosarcoma, hemangioma, hematoma

37
Q

What are common splenic neoplasias in cats?

A

HSA, MCT, lymphoma

38
Q

What breeds are pre-disposed to splenic torsion?

A

large to giant breeds
Deep chested dogs

39
Q

What are acute signs of splenic torsion?

A

hypovolaemic/toxic shock

40
Q

What are chronic signs of splenic torsion?

A

vague signs –> lethargy, anorexia, dysorexia

41
Q

What are disorders of the tonsils?

A

tonsillar inflammation/tonsilitis
tonsillar neoplasia

42
Q

What are common tonsillar neoplasias?

A

SCC and lymphoma

43
Q

What are complications of a tonsillectomy?

A

Hemorrhage
Pharyngeal swelling
Aspiration blood/fluid

Hemolymphatics (21 decks)

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