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Hemolymphatics > Bone Marrow and The Leukon > Flashcards

Bone Marrow and The Leukon Flashcards

1
Q

What are the ways of classifying acute myeloid leukaemias?

A

M0 = undifferentiated
M1/M2 = acute myeloblastic (+/- maturation)
M3 = acute promyelocytic
M4 = acute myelomonocytic
M5 = acute monoblastic/ monocytic
M6 = Erythemic myelosis or erythroleukaemia
M7 = acute megakaryoblastic/-cytic

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2
Q

What classification/type of acute myeloid leukemia is most common?

A

M4 - acute myelomonocytic leukemia

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3
Q

What are the rarest acute myeloid leukemias?

A

M5 (acute monoblastic/monocytic)
M7 (acute megakaryoblastic/-cytic)

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4
Q

M6, aka erythemic myelosis or erythroleukemia, occurs in what species?

A

Cats and humans only

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5
Q

What cell is this?

A

Megakaryoblast

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6
Q

What type of cell is this?

A

Megakaryocyte

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7
Q

What might major shifts in the M:e ratio indicate?

A

absolute or relative changes in proportion of myeloid & erythroid cells

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8
Q

What is the m:e ratio for -blasts?

A

1:1

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9
Q

What is the m:e ratio for pro-?

A

2:2

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10
Q

What is the m:e ratio for -cytes?

A

5:27

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11
Q

What is the m:e ratio for meta-?

A

7:13

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12
Q

What is the maturation index?

A

proportions of proliferating vs non-proliferating cells estimated or counted for calculation

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13
Q

What are the 3 types of maturation indices?

A
  • erythroid maturation index
  • myeloid maturation index
  • overall maturation index
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14
Q

Maturation indices are useful for…

A

semi-quantifying left or right shifts in maturation

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15
Q

Late asynchrony in the erythroid cell lines occurs in what two conditions? What would it show on a graph?

A

lead poisoning
IDA
Shows right shift in maturation

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16
Q

What is the production time for RBC & platelets?

A

4 days

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17
Q

What is the production time neutrophils?

A

5.5 days

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18
Q

erythroid precursors of the horse have heavy…

A

nuclear condensation

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19
Q

What is unique about the bone marrow of horses in regards to reticulocytes?

A

it does not release many reticulocytes

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20
Q

If the bone marrow in a horse has >5% reticulocytes, this means the horse has…

A

responsive anemia

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21
Q

in the dog, the marrow granulocyte reserve in the bone marrow is approximately what percentage?

A

20%

22
Q

Myelocytes can undergo how many divisions? How many can myeloblasts and promyelocytes undergo?

A

Myelocytes: 3-4 divisions
Myeloblasts & promyelocytes: 1 division

23
Q

These cells are commonly present in what AML?

A

M1

24
Q

What changes may occur with chloramphenicol toxicity?

A

BM hypocellular
Leukopenia w/i 2-3 weeks
Increased m:e w/ giant metas & vacuolated neut precursors suggesting defective maturation

25
Q

What are the most serious side effects of estrogen therapy?

A

BM suppression & toxicity progressing to fatal aplastic anemia

26
Q

What animals are especially sensitive to estrogen toxicity?

A

dogs, cats, ferrets

27
Q

What would you see within 1 week of an estrogen toxicity?

A

neutrophilic leukocytosis
Thrombocytopenia

28
Q

What would you see within 3 weeks of estrogen toxicity?

A

BM depression w/ non-responsive anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia

29
Q

What drugs can cause myelotoxicities?

A
30
Q

Aside from drugs, what are some things that can cause myelotoxicities?

A

Bracken fern
Lead
Benzene, trichloroethylene
Irradiation

31
Q

What is this?

A

Erythroleukemia

32
Q

What condition might be present here? How do you know?

A

Anemia w/ chronic inflammation
Increased m:e, granulocytic hyperplasia, erythroid hypoplasia which increased plasma cells and Fe

33
Q

Does lymphocyte production mainly occur in the bone marrow?

A

No, but it is possible to occur in the bone marrow

34
Q

What percentage of lymphocytes is present in cats normally? In dogs?

A

cats:16%
Dogs: 1-2%

35
Q

What is the normal occurrence of plasma cells in cats? dogs?

A

cats: 1%
dogs: 5%

36
Q

Plasma cells have what characteristics that allow them to be differentiated from lymphocytes?

A
  • larger
  • lower N/C
  • Greater cytoplasmic basophilia
37
Q

What are Russell bodies?

A

Plasma cells w/ a dilated ER w/ immunoglobulin

38
Q

What are Mott cells?

A

Plasma cells filled w/ Russell bodies

39
Q

Flame cells are…

A

plasma cells w/ reddish staining, especially at the periphery

40
Q

What condition is shown here?

A

Multiple Myeloma

41
Q

What neoplasia is this?

A

Lymphoma

42
Q

Increased numbers of macrophages may indicate…

A

BM inflammation, necrosis, or increased phagocytic activity

43
Q

Bone marrow is an important site for ____ storage for use in…

A

Fe; Hemoglobin synthesis

44
Q

Storage Fe is usually visible in ___, but not in ___

A

dogs; cats

45
Q

What stain can be used to eval the quantity of storage Fe?

A

Prussian Blue

46
Q

What condition is present here?

A

Hemophagocytic Histiocytic Sarcoma seen in bone marrow

47
Q

What is this an image of?

A

Leishmania donovani - Leishmaniasis

48
Q

How does chronic systemic Leishmaniasis appear in a dog?

A

anorexia, weight loss
Somnolence & decreased endurance
Locomotion disturbance
Polydipsia
Lymphadenomegaly
Symmetric alopecia
Thin haircoat
excessive scaling

49
Q

What are some clinical pathological findings that may be present in Leishmaniasis?

A
  • Hyperglobulinemia producing hyperproteinemia despite hypoalbuminemia & proteinuria
  • Weak + Coomb’s test
  • High ALP & ALT
  • Thrombocytopenia
50
Q

Leishmaniasis is…

A

zoonotic

Hemolymphatics (21 decks)

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