Bone Marrow and The Leukon Flashcards
What are the ways of classifying acute myeloid leukaemias?
M0 = undifferentiated
M1/M2 = acute myeloblastic (+/- maturation)
M3 = acute promyelocytic
M4 = acute myelomonocytic
M5 = acute monoblastic/ monocytic
M6 = Erythemic myelosis or erythroleukaemia
M7 = acute megakaryoblastic/-cytic
What classification/type of acute myeloid leukemia is most common?
M4 - acute myelomonocytic leukemia
What are the rarest acute myeloid leukemias?
M5 (acute monoblastic/monocytic)
M7 (acute megakaryoblastic/-cytic)
M6, aka erythemic myelosis or erythroleukemia, occurs in what species?
Cats and humans only
What cell is this?
Megakaryoblast
What type of cell is this?
Megakaryocyte
What might major shifts in the M:e ratio indicate?
absolute or relative changes in proportion of myeloid & erythroid cells
What is the m:e ratio for -blasts?
1:1
What is the m:e ratio for pro-?
2:2
What is the m:e ratio for -cytes?
5:27
What is the m:e ratio for meta-?
7:13
What is the maturation index?
proportions of proliferating vs non-proliferating cells estimated or counted for calculation
What are the 3 types of maturation indices?
- erythroid maturation index
- myeloid maturation index
- overall maturation index
Maturation indices are useful for…
semi-quantifying left or right shifts in maturation
Late asynchrony in the erythroid cell lines occurs in what two conditions? What would it show on a graph?
lead poisoning
IDA
Shows right shift in maturation
What is the production time for RBC & platelets?
4 days
What is the production time neutrophils?
5.5 days
erythroid precursors of the horse have heavy…
nuclear condensation
What is unique about the bone marrow of horses in regards to reticulocytes?
it does not release many reticulocytes
If the bone marrow in a horse has >5% reticulocytes, this means the horse has…
responsive anemia
in the dog, the marrow granulocyte reserve in the bone marrow is approximately what percentage?
20%
Myelocytes can undergo how many divisions? How many can myeloblasts and promyelocytes undergo?
Myelocytes: 3-4 divisions
Myeloblasts & promyelocytes: 1 division
These cells are commonly present in what AML?
M1
What changes may occur with chloramphenicol toxicity?
BM hypocellular
Leukopenia w/i 2-3 weeks
Increased m:e w/ giant metas & vacuolated neut precursors suggesting defective maturation
What are the most serious side effects of estrogen therapy?
BM suppression & toxicity progressing to fatal aplastic anemia
What animals are especially sensitive to estrogen toxicity?
dogs, cats, ferrets
What would you see within 1 week of an estrogen toxicity?
neutrophilic leukocytosis
Thrombocytopenia
What would you see within 3 weeks of estrogen toxicity?
BM depression w/ non-responsive anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia
What drugs can cause myelotoxicities?
Aside from drugs, what are some things that can cause myelotoxicities?
Bracken fern
Lead
Benzene, trichloroethylene
Irradiation
What is this?
Erythroleukemia
What condition might be present here? How do you know?
Anemia w/ chronic inflammation
Increased m:e, granulocytic hyperplasia, erythroid hypoplasia which increased plasma cells and Fe
Does lymphocyte production mainly occur in the bone marrow?
No, but it is possible to occur in the bone marrow
What percentage of lymphocytes is present in cats normally? In dogs?
cats:16%
Dogs: 1-2%
What is the normal occurrence of plasma cells in cats? dogs?
cats: 1%
dogs: 5%
Plasma cells have what characteristics that allow them to be differentiated from lymphocytes?
- larger
- lower N/C
- Greater cytoplasmic basophilia
What are Russell bodies?
Plasma cells w/ a dilated ER w/ immunoglobulin
What are Mott cells?
Plasma cells filled w/ Russell bodies
Flame cells are…
plasma cells w/ reddish staining, especially at the periphery
What condition is shown here?
Multiple Myeloma
What neoplasia is this?
Lymphoma
Increased numbers of macrophages may indicate…
BM inflammation, necrosis, or increased phagocytic activity
Bone marrow is an important site for ____ storage for use in…
Fe; Hemoglobin synthesis
Storage Fe is usually visible in ___, but not in ___
dogs; cats
What stain can be used to eval the quantity of storage Fe?
Prussian Blue
What condition is present here?
Hemophagocytic Histiocytic Sarcoma seen in bone marrow
What is this an image of?
Leishmania donovani - Leishmaniasis
How does chronic systemic Leishmaniasis appear in a dog?
anorexia, weight loss
Somnolence & decreased endurance
Locomotion disturbance
Polydipsia
Lymphadenomegaly
Symmetric alopecia
Thin haircoat
excessive scaling
What are some clinical pathological findings that may be present in Leishmaniasis?
- Hyperglobulinemia producing hyperproteinemia despite hypoalbuminemia & proteinuria
- Weak + Coomb’s test
- High ALP & ALT
- Thrombocytopenia
Leishmaniasis is…
zoonotic
