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US2H > The Great Depression > Flashcards

The Great Depression Flashcards

1
Q

(roaring twenties) economy ….; …. rising; … profits up; .. up;

A

growing; stock market; corporate; wages

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2
Q

(roaring twenties) new … such as …, …, …

A

consumer goods; cars; radios; appliances

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3
Q

The Republican formula: low …., little … - ….

A

taxes; regulation; laissez faire

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4
Q

(election of 1928) Republican: ….; involved in …. (WWI); secretary of …

A

herbert hoover; food administration; commerce

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5
Q

(election of 1928) democrat: ….; governor of …

A

Al Smith; NY

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6
Q

(election of 1928) … wins

A

hoover

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7
Q

(election of 1928) hoover promised more …

A

republican prosperity

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8
Q

(election of 1928) popular vote for hoover: ….; electoral vote for hoover: …;

A

58%; 444

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9
Q

(smith drawbacks) prejudice: anti-…; anti-…: … considered to be “…” –> immoral, … Democrats

A

Catholic; NYC; NYC; sin city; liberal

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10
Q

(smith drawbacks) prejudice, …, and …

A

prohibition; prosperity

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11
Q

(smith drawbacks) those opposed to Catholics that the US President would be

A

pawn to the Pope

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12
Q

(Herbert Hoover) … as a child; graduated …; … engineer; self-made …

A

orphaned; Standford U.; mining; millionaire

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13
Q

(Herbert Hoover) economic philosophy: stressed importance of …; important for … and … to voluntarily cooperate as they have the same …

A

competition; labor; management; goal

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14
Q

List of hidden troubles:

A

farming, income inequality, incomes in general, easy credit, consumer debt,

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15
Q

(hidden troubles) farming: Durring WWI, … prices skyrocket

A

crop

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16
Q

(hidden troubles) farming: farmers borrowed … to buy more … and … to cash in

A

money; land; equipment

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17
Q

(hidden troubles) farming: after war, prices … but …

A

fall; debt remains

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18
Q

(hidden troubles) farming: farmers scraping to … or they were ….

A

get by; losing farms

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19
Q

(hidden troubles) farming: … of US workers were farmers

A

25%

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20
Q

(hidden troubles) income inequality: worker wages up to … (1920-1929)

A

8%

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21
Q

(hidden troubles) income inequality: corporate profits up …

A

65%

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22
Q

(hidden troubles) income: top … income = bottom …

A

1%; 42%

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23
Q

(hidden troubles) income: … made greater than … per year

A

6%; $5,000

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24
Q

(hidden troubles) income: … made less than …

A

94%; $5,000

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25
Q

(hidden troubles) income: … made less than .. per year (below the …)

A

60%; $2,000; poverty line

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26
Q

(hidden troubles) problem: u.s. economy driven by … (..%)

A

consumer spending; 60

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27
Q

(hidden troubles) problem: top 6% don’t buy enough … and … to keep economy going strong

A

food; goods

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28
Q

(hidden troubles) easy …: consumers made heavy use of …

A

credit; installment plan

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29
Q

(hidden troubles) easy credit: .. of radios bought on installment; … cars bought on installment

A

80%; 60%

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30
Q

(hidden troubles) consumer … more than …

A

debt; doubles

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31
Q

(stock market) tremendous … 1923-1929

A

“bull market”

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32
Q

(stock market) bull market: a stock market in which most stocks …

A

rise in price for an extended period

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33
Q

(stock market) dow jones index: a composite of … of …

A

stock prices; key companies

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34
Q

(stock market) dow jones index: established in …

A

1896

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35
Q

(stock market) dow jones index: used to give investors a quick idea of the

A

mood of the stock market

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36
Q

(why bull market) new … growing: …, …, …, etc.

A

industries; cars; radios; appliances

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37
Q

(why bull market) … and … effect

A

optimism; wildebeest

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38
Q

(why bull market) speculation: making … with hope of high …

A

high-risk investments; profits

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39
Q

(Wild West Wall Street) a small number of … had excessive .. and … on markets

A

financiers; control; influence

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40
Q

(Wild West Wall Street) few .. on wall street in 1920s: big players would …. for personal gain; common use of …; “…” was common

A

rules; manipulate stock prices; insider information; buying on margin

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41
Q

(the boom) dow jones index- 1923: … pts; Dow jones sept. 29, 1929: … pts → an increase … times the value of 1923

A

90.0; 381.54

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42
Q

(the boom) dow jones- 1923: … population invested in stocks; 1929: .. of population invested in stocks

A

5%; 16%

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43
Q

(“Buying on Margin”) stock could be bought for … of price; borrow the rest from .. for little ..; goal: maximize …

A

10-20%; broker; interest; profits

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44
Q

Black Thursday - 10/24/29 dow Jones Index lost ..

A

11%

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45
Q

Black Monday - 10/28/29 Dow Jones Index lost ..

A

13%

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46
Q

Black Tuesday- 10/29/29 Dow Jones Index lost ..

A

12%

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47
Q

stock market lost over … of value in a few days

A

35%

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48
Q

(cause of Great depression) false …: too much consumer .., inflated …, income …

A

prosperity; credit; stock market; inequality

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49
Q

(cause of Great Depression) psychological panic:

A

stock market; banking crisis

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50
Q

(cause of Great Depression) bad government decisions:

A

hawley-smoot tariff; inaction

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51
Q

(cause of Great Depression- bank failures) bank runs: people worried about banks and began to

A

take out their money

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52
Q

(cause of Great Depression-bank failures) 1929: … banks; 1930: … banks; 1931: … banks;

A

641; 1350; 1700

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53
Q

(cause of great depression- bank failures) people and businesses lost all their

A

money when a bank failed

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54
Q

(cause of Great Depression- unemployment) businesses cut back … to save ..

A

.production; money

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55
Q

(cause of Great Depression- unemployment) consumers cut back … to save …

A

purchases; money

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56
Q

(cause of Great Depression- unemployment) reduction in production and purchases resulted in ….- by 1933- …% was ….

A

massive unemployment; 25; unemployed

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57
Q

(cause of Great Depression) hoovervilles: makeshift .. that formed during the Great Depression

A

shantytowns

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58
Q

(cause of Great Depression) hobo symbols to

A

communicate

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59
Q

(farm economy) stressed→…; farm prices ….; 1 million farmers … 1930-1934; prices of … and … dropped

A

disaster; tumbled; lost land; wheat; cotton

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60
Q

(dust bowl) ..struck .. in the mid-1930s

A

drought; Great Plains

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61
Q

(dust bowl) natural plains … removed in the 19th century; worsened by … during WWI

A

grass; expanded farming

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62
Q

(dust bowl) loose … created …

A

soil; dust storms

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63
Q

(dust bowl) land made … for farming: .. seeped into homes; dust even reached … and ….

A

useless; dust; eastern cities (NY, Boston, etc.); ships at sea

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64
Q

(dust bowl) … people forced to … to survive; known as “…”

A

800,000; migrate; okies

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65
Q

(dust bowl) okies went to … and … cities for …- often without success

A

California; Mid-West; jobs

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66
Q

(family life) people with jobs were … or …

A

worried; felt guilty

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67
Q

(family life) many men felt … and …

A

ashamed; left families

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68
Q

(family life) many kids … to try to earn …

A

left school; money

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69
Q

(family life) many teenagers

A

ran away from home

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70
Q

President Herbert Hoover sworn in …

A

march 1929

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71
Q

hoover promised to continue … economic policies of harding/coolidge→”in america today, we are nearer a final triumph over …”

A

laissez faire; poverty than any other land

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72
Q

(hoover’s policies) 7 months later- the … hit

A

Depression

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73
Q

(hoover’s policies) Phase 1- “…” policy

A

hands off

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74
Q

(hoover’s policies) phase 1: depression was art of the ….; believed it unconstitutional to provide ….; “… individualism”

A

natural business cycle; direct relief to people; rugged

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75
Q

(hoover’s policies) Phase 2- the … approach

A

voluntary

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76
Q

(hoover’s policies) phase 2 plan: asked business to maintain …, …, …; cut … and lower ….; urged wealthier people to ….; state and local governments should …

A

employment, wages, prices; taxes; interest rates; donate to charity; handle things

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77
Q

(hoover’s policies) phase 2 reality: businesses actually had … and … cuts; no effect; charities ran …; state and local gov did not have … or … to handle things

A

layoffs; wage; low; money; resources

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78
Q

(hoover’s policies) phase 3- …

A

action

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79
Q

(hoover’s policies- phase 3) hoover still did not believe Federal gov should provide

A

direct relief to people

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80
Q

(hoover’s policies- phase 3) … down economics: pour relief at top of …. (to …) and benefits will trick down to … (…)

A

trickle; economic pyramid; businesses; bottom; workers

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81
Q

(hoover’s policies- phase 3) …. Corporation (1932)

A

Reconstruction Finance

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82
Q

(hoover’s policies- phase 3) loan … to …, … and … to …. workers and for banks to …

A

$1 billion; businesses; banks; railraods; hire; make loans

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83
Q

(hoover’s policies- phase 3) result: workers not … and loans …; business/banks used money to …. and ….

A

hired; not made; pay debts; hold in reserve

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84
Q

(aftermath) bad … decisions

A

government

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85
Q

(aftermath) hawley-smoot tariff- 1930: raised prices on …; goal: to protect ….

A

imports; American industry

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86
Q

(Boulder/Hoover dam) approved by congress in ….

A

1929 before Hoover

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87
Q

(bonus army) 1924- Congress promised WW1 veterans a …

A

bonus payment

88
Q

(bonus army) bonus no payable until

A

1945

89
Q

(bonus army) about … for each day served

A

$1

90
Q

(bonus army) largest bonus about …

A

$550

91
Q

(bonus army) the police tried to

A

clear out the camp

92
Q

(bonus army) a riot broke out- … killed

A

2 veterans

93
Q

(bonus army) hoover sent in the …; troops with … and …; 6 …; mounted …; … gas

A

US army; bayonets; swords; tanks; cavalry; tear

94
Q

(election of 1932) Democrats elect: …; born ….; “old …”; … to Teddy Roosevelt;

A

FDR; 1882; 5th cousin

95
Q

(election of 1932) FDR: runs for … at age 28

A

state legislature

96
Q

(election of 1932) NY state … as Democrat; … of the Navy; candidate for …. (…); … strikes

A

senate; assistant secretary; U.S. vice president; polio

97
Q

(election of 1932) age 39: paralyzed ….; learns to stand and walk with …. for only …

A

legs; braces; short distances

98
Q

(FDR is back) elected… of NY in 1928; known as a ….

A

governor; reformer

99
Q

(FDR is back) convinced to … in 1932; NY had the biggest …

A

run against Hoover; population

100
Q

(FDR is back) A New Deal: “I pledge you, I pledge myself to a … for the American people..This is more than a political campaign. It is a …”

A

new deal; call to arms

101
Q

(FDR is back) FDR wins by .. popular vote; … electoral

A

57%; 472

102
Q

FDR didn’t have a “…“→”The country needs and, unless I mistake its temper, the country demands …”

A

magic plan; bold, persistent experimentation

103
Q

FDR elected

A

november 1932

104
Q

as crisis worsened, hoover reached out to President-elect Roosevelt for …

A

joint action

105
Q

FDR refused to

A

answer his calls and letters

106
Q

FDR sworn in ….

A

march 1933

107
Q

21st amendment moved inauguration date to …. beginning with … election (ratified Jan 1933)

A

Jan 20th; 1936

108
Q

(The Brain Trust) A small group of … assembled to …

A

academic advisors; develop plans

109
Q

(Brain trust) included 2

A

republicans

110
Q

(Brain trust) Frances Perkins, …; 1st woman to hold a …

A

secretary of labor; cabinet position

111
Q

(The First 100 Days) … major laws passed with these goals: …, …, …

A

15; relief; recovery; reform

112
Q

(The First 100 Days) relief: immediate

A

help for people

113
Q

(The First 100 Days) recovery: get the

A

economy going

114
Q

(The First 100 Days)reform: ensure it

A

doesn’t happen again

115
Q

(Fireside chats) FDR was a great …; understood the power of …; talked to the … and explained his …

A

communicator; radio; american people; actions

116
Q

FDR’s immediate goals (1933-34) had been

A

relief, recovery, reform

117
Q

by 1935, FDR shifted his focus to: promoting the … of people; protecting the …; although, … still a priority

A

general welfare; rights of citizens; jobs

118
Q

(left/liberals/progressives) big …; gov can …; create … as a solution; if need to, … to pay

A

gov; solve problems; programs; raise taxes

119
Q

(right/conservatives) small …; … should sort things out; don’t like …’; keep … as low as possible

A

gov; free market; gov programs; taxes

120
Q

(FDR & Supreme Court) supreme court consists of … justices who serve for … for the purpose of …. and…

A

9; life; separation of powers; checks and balances

121
Q

(FDR & Supreme Court) supreme court ruled …. were …

A

2 major New Deal Programs; unconstitutional

122
Q

(FDR & Supreme Court) 2 programs ruled unconstitional:

A

agricultural adjustment act; national recovery administration

123
Q

(FDR & Supreme Court) FDR feared the court would … all of his New Deal programs and … new ones

A

sweep away; discourage

124
Q

(FDR & Supreme Court) .. jusices appointed by Harding/Coolidge (R); .. Justices appointed by Wilson (D)

A

7; 2;

125
Q

(FDR & Supreme Court) FDR wanted to add .. more Justices to Court to have ….

A

6; Democratic majority

126
Q

(FDR & Supreme Court) 6 justices –> the president picks the Justices and he would pick ones that would … and would thus have … advantage

A

favor the New Deal; 8-7

127
Q

(“Packing the Court”) seen by many as threat to …

A

checks and balances

128
Q

(“Packing the Court”) FDR did win much of the public over: cited … for Supreme court to handle

A

too many cases

129
Q

(“Packing the Court”) FDR winning public over: indirectly cited Justice’s …; many were …; Fireside Chat #… march 9, 1937

A

ages; +70 years old; 9

130
Q

(“Packing the Court”) before any action taken: Supreme Court announced their workload was …, narrowly upheld … in 5 to 4 voters

A

manageable; New Deal laws

131
Q

Supreme Court ruled that … and … was ok

A

minimum wage; social security

132
Q

one justice … later in 1937 and replaced by FDR

A

retired

133
Q

momentum for .. was lost and FDR …

A

change; gave up

134
Q

ironically, by 1940, … more retired and … others died

A

2; 2

135
Q

(short term effect) FDR became less … in pushing ….

A

aggressive; major New Deal programs

136
Q

(short term effect) Democratic Senate and House majorities …, but reduced in…

A

retained; 1938 Midterm elections

137
Q

(short term effect) the supreme court was “nudged” into being more open to the idea of an …

A

active Federal gov

138
Q

(short term effect) sept 1937: FDR has …

A

60% approval rating

139
Q

(long term effect) in the end, FDR was able to appoint … while president (.. advantage)

A

8 Supreme Court Justices; 8-1

140
Q

(long term effect) attitude of supreme court was more open to an … for years to come

A

active Federal gov

141
Q

(critics) some americans concerned by …. for the New Deal: esp … and …

A

massive gov spending; republicans; conservatives

142
Q

(critics) New Deal required …

A

deficit spending

143
Q

(critics) deficit spending: when a nation … than it …

A

spends more; collects in revenues (taxes)

144
Q

(critics) deficit spending: 1932: … deficit; 1936: … deficit

A

$461 million; $4.4 billion

145
Q

(critics) national debt: 1932- …; 1939- …

A

$19B; $40B

146
Q

(critics) But FDR had support from …: british … who argue that … and … is required to end …

A

John Maynard Keynes; economist; government action; deficit spending; econoomic crisis

147
Q

(Eleanor Roosevelt) an “…” for FDR

A

ambassador

148
Q

(Eleanor Roosevelt) 1st “…” First Lady; gave …

A

modern; press conferences

149
Q

(Eleanor Roosevelt) visited …, …, and …

A

coal mines; farmers; indian reservations

150
Q

(Eleanor Roosevelt) attended … in birmingham, alabama

A

human welfare conference

151
Q

(Eleanor Roosevelt) human welfare conference- … and … attended but had to sit …

A

whites; blacks; separately

152
Q

(Eleanor Roosevelt) human welfare conference- eleanor tried to

A

sit with black audience

153
Q

(Eleanor Roosevelt) human welfare conference- told by police she was

A

breaking the law

154
Q

(Eleanor Roosevelt) human welfare conference- she moved her chair to

A

aisle between audiences

155
Q

(Eleanor Roosevelt) after FDR’s death in 1945, Eleanor was a world famous

A

advocate for justice

156
Q

(Eleanor Roosevelt) a us. delegate to the

A

UN

157
Q

(Eleanor Roosevelt) advocated for: … around the world; … for minorities in US; equal … for women

A

human rights; civil rights; rights

158
Q

(Eleanor Roosevelt) campaigned for

A

Democrats

159
Q

(african-americans FDR) FDR sought the advice of African-American leaders regarding

A

discrimination and racial issues

160
Q

(african-americans FDR) FDR’s Black Cabinet: group of …; regularly ….; … FDR

A

african-american leaders; visited the White House; advised

161
Q

(african-americans FDR) Black cabinet included:

A

robert weaver & mary macleod bethune

162
Q

(african-americans FDR) robert weaver: later 1st

A

african-american cabinet member

163
Q

(african-americans FDR) mary macleod bethune: founder of

A

bethune-cookman university

164
Q

(african-americans FDR) FDR also appointed many African-Americans to

A

gov positions

165
Q

(african-americans FDR) BUT- FDR did not get any

A

civil rights legislation passed

166
Q

(african-americans FDR) FDR focused on welfare of …

A

nation as a whole

167
Q

(african-americans FDR) FDR believed that Southern Democrats would … if he passed civl rights laws

A

block his New Deal legislation

168
Q

(african-americans FDR) but still- FDR started the … of African-Americans from the … to he ..

A

political migration; Republican; Democratic party

169
Q

(New Deal Coalition) a block of voters that supported FDR’s …

A

New Deal program nd its ideals

170
Q

(New Deal Coalition) consisted of

A

workers; southern whites; farmers; african-Americans; women

171
Q

(New Deal Coalition) impct: elected FDR … times; Democrats controoled … 1933-1953 and …. 1933-1995

A

four; white house; house of representatives

172
Q

(New deal effectiveness) by 1932 (hoover) unemployment: …; economy shrank by … since 1929

A

25%; 30%

173
Q

(New deal effectiveness) 1937 (after 4 years of New Deal action) unemployment: …%; economy grew by …; it had grown … in 1936

A

14; 5%; 15%

174
Q

(New deal effectiveness) in 1938, the economy …; unemployment: …; economy decreased by ..

A

worsened; 19%; 4.5%

175
Q

(New deal effectiveness) why did the economy worsen: FDR had cut back …- thought things were …; hurting from ….; pressure to lower …; foreign policy issues required …

A

New Deal spending; mostly fixed; Court Packing scheme; Federal $ deficit; attention

176
Q

(New Deal Legacy) The New Deal did not

A

end the Depression

177
Q

(New Deal Legacy) 1939: unemployment- …; economy grew by …%

A

17%; 9

178
Q

(New Deal Legacy) but the New Deal certainly lessened its ….

A

impact on the American people

179
Q

(New Deal Legacy) spurred … and employed …

A

economic growth; millions

180
Q

(New Deal Legacy) provided … to millions

A

direct relief

181
Q

(New Deal Legacy) gave peopl..- something was being …

A

hope; tried

182
Q

(New Deal Legacy) changed the role of

A

government in America

183
Q

(New Deal Legacy) the federal gov was now…; before, most people didn’t … with the Federal gov

A

THE gov; interact

184
Q

(New Deal Legacy) the government is now expected to …; before, … was the norm

A

inverne in bad economic times; laissez faire

185
Q

(New Deal Legacy) Eleveated the presidency to an even …: the nation looks to the President for …; Before, many presidents “…” rather than ..

A

higher level; action; presided; acted

186
Q

(New Deal Legacy) the new deal still affects us today: confidence in … and the ..: FDIC & SEC; growth of … and end of …;

A

banks; stock market; labor unions; child labor;

187
Q

(New Deal Legacy) the new deal still affects us today: … for senior citizens; workers receive .., …, and …; countless … and other … still in use

A

social security; unemployment $; worker’s comp; disability 4; public buildings; projects

188
Q

trends that started in th 1920s … in the 1930s

A

blossomed in

189
Q

these trends had a different … or …

A

mood; flaovor

190
Q

trends shaped by the …: …, …, and …

A

hard economic times; radio; movies; jazz

191
Q

(radio) by 1937- ..% of american homes had a radio

A

67

192
Q

(radio) by 1939-…% had a radio

A

90%

193
Q

(radio) CBS and NBC … networks: variety, … opers, …, …, …

A

dominant; soap; dramas; mysteries; comedies

194
Q

(war of the worlds) october 30, 1938: radio drama of …; realistic style fooled thousands who …

A

martian invasion; thought it was real

195
Q

(war of the worlds) police, radio stations and newspapers

A

flooded with phone calls

196
Q

(war of the worlds) stories of people actually

A

fleeing their homes

197
Q

(movies) Hollywod was dominated by the …

A

studio system

198
Q

(movies) actors, directors, crews were under

A

exclusive contract by major studios

199
Q

(movies) studios even owned

A

theaters

200
Q

(movies) studios had the …: MGM, Paramount, Warner Bros., 20th Century Fox

A

power

201
Q

(movies) dominant themes:

A

escapism; social commentary

202
Q

(movies-escapism) looking to forget …; people living like they …

A

economic troubles; dream about

203
Q

(movies-escapism) musicals, romantic comedies; actors:

A

ginger rogers; fred astaie

204
Q

(movies-social commentary) reflected mood of … and …

A

country; problems of the day

205
Q

(movies-escapism) it happened one night: ….→ king of …; and …

A

clark gable; hollywood; claudette colbert

206
Q

(movies-escapism) it happened one night: 1934 oscars for:

A

best picture; best actor; best actress

207
Q

(movies-escapism) my man

A

godrey (1936)

208
Q

(movies-escapism) 1st full length cartoon–>

A

snow white 1937

209
Q

(movies-escapism) the little rascals: comedy … (1922-194); featured …; The “gang” were … in 1930s; notable for showing … and … as equals

A

short series; child actors; underdogs/poor;white and black children

210
Q

(movies-escapism) comedy: made …; emphasized … from silent era; overlaid …

A

short films; slapstick; verbal comedy

211
Q

(movies-escapism) adventure/action:

A

the adventures of Robin Hood

212
Q

(movies-social commentary) … films were very popular

A

gangster

213
Q

(movies-social commentary) gangster films reflected: the rise in … (reality); individuals who take … (although in a criminal way); …, famous star

A

crime; charge of their lives; james cagney

214
Q

(movies-social commentary) by the late 1930s some films reflect: fight the … →support “..” and root for the …

A

the good fight; lost causes; underdog

215
Q

(movies-social commentary) Mr Smith goes to washington: naiive

A

senator smith

216
Q

(jazz) jazz continued to … along the path set by Armstrong and Ellington: big … and featured …

A

evole; bands; soloists

217
Q

(movies-social commentary) mid 1930s and 1940s; music had

A

armstrong’s swing

US2H (15 decks)

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