The Great Depression Flashcards
1
Q
(roaring twenties) economy ….; …. rising; … profits up; .. up;
A
growing; stock market; corporate; wages
2
Q
(roaring twenties) new … such as …, …, …
A
consumer goods; cars; radios; appliances
3
Q
The Republican formula: low …., little … - ….
A
taxes; regulation; laissez faire
4
Q
(election of 1928) Republican: ….; involved in …. (WWI); secretary of …
A
herbert hoover; food administration; commerce
5
Q
(election of 1928) democrat: ….; governor of …
A
Al Smith; NY
6
Q
(election of 1928) … wins
A
hoover
7
Q
(election of 1928) hoover promised more …
A
republican prosperity
8
Q
(election of 1928) popular vote for hoover: ….; electoral vote for hoover: …;
A
58%; 444
9
Q
(smith drawbacks) prejudice: anti-…; anti-…: … considered to be “…” –> immoral, … Democrats
A
Catholic; NYC; NYC; sin city; liberal
10
Q
(smith drawbacks) prejudice, …, and …
A
prohibition; prosperity
11
Q
(smith drawbacks) those opposed to Catholics that the US President would be
A
pawn to the Pope
12
Q
(Herbert Hoover) … as a child; graduated …; … engineer; self-made …
A
orphaned; Standford U.; mining; millionaire
13
Q
(Herbert Hoover) economic philosophy: stressed importance of …; important for … and … to voluntarily cooperate as they have the same …
A
competition; labor; management; goal
14
Q
List of hidden troubles:
A
farming, income inequality, incomes in general, easy credit, consumer debt,
15
Q
(hidden troubles) farming: Durring WWI, … prices skyrocket
A
crop
16
Q
(hidden troubles) farming: farmers borrowed … to buy more … and … to cash in
A
money; land; equipment
17
Q
(hidden troubles) farming: after war, prices … but …
A
fall; debt remains
18
Q
(hidden troubles) farming: farmers scraping to … or they were ….
A
get by; losing farms
19
Q
(hidden troubles) farming: … of US workers were farmers
A
25%
20
Q
(hidden troubles) income inequality: worker wages up to … (1920-1929)
A
8%
21
Q
(hidden troubles) income inequality: corporate profits up …
A
65%
22
Q
(hidden troubles) income: top … income = bottom …
A
1%; 42%
23
Q
(hidden troubles) income: … made greater than … per year
A
6%; $5,000
24
Q
(hidden troubles) income: … made less than …
A
94%; $5,000
25
(hidden troubles) income: ... made less than .. per year (below the ...)
60%; $2,000; poverty line
26
(hidden troubles) problem: u.s. economy driven by ... (..%)
consumer spending; 60
27
(hidden troubles) problem: top 6% don't buy enough ... and ... to keep economy going strong
food; goods
28
(hidden troubles) easy ...: consumers made heavy use of ...
credit; installment plan
29
(hidden troubles) easy credit: .. of radios bought on installment; ... cars bought on installment
80%; 60%
30
(hidden troubles) consumer ... more than ...
debt; doubles
31
(stock market) tremendous ... 1923-1929
"bull market"
32
(stock market) bull market: a stock market in which most stocks ...
rise in price for an extended period
33
(stock market) dow jones index: a composite of ... of ...
stock prices; key companies
34
(stock market) dow jones index: established in ...
1896
35
(stock market) dow jones index: used to give investors a quick idea of the
mood of the stock market
36
(why bull market) new ... growing: ..., ..., ..., etc.
industries; cars; radios; appliances
37
(why bull market) ... and ... effect
optimism; wildebeest
38
(why bull market) speculation: making ... with hope of high ...
high-risk investments; profits
39
(Wild West Wall Street) a small number of ... had excessive .. and ... on markets
financiers; control; influence
40
(Wild West Wall Street) few .. on wall street in 1920s: big players would .... for personal gain; common use of ...; "..." was common
rules; manipulate stock prices; insider information; buying on margin
41
(the boom) dow jones index- 1923: ... pts; Dow jones sept. 29, 1929: ... pts → an increase ... times the value of 1923
90.0; 381.54
42
(the boom) dow jones- 1923: ... population invested in stocks; 1929: .. of population invested in stocks
5%; 16%
43
("Buying on Margin") stock could be bought for ... of price; borrow the rest from .. for little ..; goal: maximize ...
10-20%; broker; interest; profits
44
Black Thursday - 10/24/29 dow Jones Index lost ..
11%
45
Black Monday - 10/28/29 Dow Jones Index lost ..
13%
46
Black Tuesday- 10/29/29 Dow Jones Index lost ..
12%
47
stock market lost over ... of value in a few days
35%
48
(cause of Great depression) false ...: too much consumer .., inflated ..., income ...
prosperity; credit; stock market; inequality
49
(cause of Great Depression) psychological panic:
stock market; banking crisis
50
(cause of Great Depression) bad government decisions:
hawley-smoot tariff; inaction
51
(cause of Great Depression- bank failures) bank runs: people worried about banks and began to
take out their money
52
(cause of Great Depression-bank failures) 1929: ... banks; 1930: ... banks; 1931: ... banks;
641; 1350; 1700
53
(cause of great depression- bank failures) people and businesses lost all their
money when a bank failed
54
(cause of Great Depression- unemployment) businesses cut back ... to save ..
.production; money
55
(cause of Great Depression- unemployment) consumers cut back ... to save ...
purchases; money
56
(cause of Great Depression- unemployment) reduction in production and purchases resulted in ....- by 1933- ...% was ....
massive unemployment; 25; unemployed
57
(cause of Great Depression) hoovervilles: makeshift .. that formed during the Great Depression
shantytowns
58
(cause of Great Depression) hobo symbols to
communicate
59
(farm economy) stressed→...; farm prices ....; 1 million farmers ... 1930-1934; prices of ... and ... dropped
disaster; tumbled; lost land; wheat; cotton
60
(dust bowl) ..struck .. in the mid-1930s
drought; Great Plains
61
(dust bowl) natural plains ... removed in the 19th century; worsened by ... during WWI
grass; expanded farming
62
(dust bowl) loose ... created ...
soil; dust storms
63
(dust bowl) land made ... for farming: .. seeped into homes; dust even reached ... and ....
useless; dust; eastern cities (NY, Boston, etc.); ships at sea
64
(dust bowl) ... people forced to ... to survive; known as "..."
800,000; migrate; okies
65
(dust bowl) okies went to ... and ... cities for ...- often without success
California; Mid-West; jobs
66
(family life) people with jobs were ... or ...
worried; felt guilty
67
(family life) many men felt ... and ...
ashamed; left families
68
(family life) many kids ... to try to earn ...
left school; money
69
(family life) many teenagers
ran away from home
70
President Herbert Hoover sworn in ...
march 1929
71
hoover promised to continue ... economic policies of harding/coolidge→"in america today, we are nearer a final triumph over ..."
laissez faire; poverty than any other land
72
(hoover's policies) 7 months later- the ... hit
Depression
73
(hoover's policies) Phase 1- "..." policy
hands off
74
(hoover's policies) phase 1: depression was art of the ....; believed it unconstitutional to provide ....; "... individualism"
natural business cycle; direct relief to people; rugged
75
(hoover's policies) Phase 2- the ... approach
voluntary
76
(hoover's policies) phase 2 plan: asked business to maintain ..., ..., ...; cut ... and lower ....; urged wealthier people to ....; state and local governments should ...
employment, wages, prices; taxes; interest rates; donate to charity; handle things
77
(hoover's policies) phase 2 reality: businesses actually had ... and ... cuts; no effect; charities ran ...; state and local gov did not have ... or ... to handle things
layoffs; wage; low; money; resources
78
(hoover's policies) phase 3- ...
action
79
(hoover's policies- phase 3) hoover still did not believe Federal gov should provide
direct relief to people
80
(hoover's policies- phase 3) ... down economics: pour relief at top of .... (to ...) and benefits will trick down to ... (...)
trickle; economic pyramid; businesses; bottom; workers
81
(hoover's policies- phase 3) .... Corporation (1932)
Reconstruction Finance
82
(hoover's policies- phase 3) loan ... to ..., ... and ... to .... workers and for banks to ...
$1 billion; businesses; banks; railraods; hire; make loans
83
(hoover's policies- phase 3) result: workers not ... and loans ...; business/banks used money to .... and ....
hired; not made; pay debts; hold in reserve
84
(aftermath) bad ... decisions
government
85
(aftermath) hawley-smoot tariff- 1930: raised prices on ...; goal: to protect ....
imports; American industry
86
(Boulder/Hoover dam) approved by congress in ....
1929 before Hoover
87
(bonus army) 1924- Congress promised WW1 veterans a ...
bonus payment
88
(bonus army) bonus no payable until
1945
89
(bonus army) about ... for each day served
$1
90
(bonus army) largest bonus about ...
$550
91
(bonus army) the police tried to
clear out the camp
92
(bonus army) a riot broke out- ... killed
2 veterans
93
(bonus army) hoover sent in the ...; troops with ... and ...; 6 ...; mounted ...; ... gas
US army; bayonets; swords; tanks; cavalry; tear
94
(election of 1932) Democrats elect: ...; born ....; "old ..."; ... to Teddy Roosevelt;
FDR; 1882; 5th cousin
95
(election of 1932) FDR: runs for ... at age 28
state legislature
96
(election of 1932) NY state ... as Democrat; ... of the Navy; candidate for .... (...); ... strikes
senate; assistant secretary; U.S. vice president; polio
97
(election of 1932) age 39: paralyzed ....; learns to stand and walk with .... for only ...
legs; braces; short distances
98
(FDR is back) elected... of NY in 1928; known as a ....
governor; reformer
99
(FDR is back) convinced to ... in 1932; NY had the biggest ...
run against Hoover; population
100
(FDR is back) A New Deal: "I pledge you, I pledge myself to a ... for the American people..This is more than a political campaign. It is a ..."
new deal; call to arms
101
(FDR is back) FDR wins by .. popular vote; ... electoral
57%; 472
102
FDR didn't have a "..."→"The country needs and, unless I mistake its temper, the country demands ..."
magic plan; bold, persistent experimentation
103
FDR elected
november 1932
104
as crisis worsened, hoover reached out to President-elect Roosevelt for ...
joint action
105
FDR refused to
answer his calls and letters
106
FDR sworn in ....
march 1933
107
21st amendment moved inauguration date to .... beginning with ... election (ratified Jan 1933)
Jan 20th; 1936
108
(The Brain Trust) A small group of ... assembled to ...
academic advisors; develop plans
109
(Brain trust) included 2
republicans
110
(Brain trust) Frances Perkins, ...; 1st woman to hold a ...
secretary of labor; cabinet position
111
(The First 100 Days) ... major laws passed with these goals: ..., ..., ...
15; relief; recovery; reform
112
(The First 100 Days) relief: immediate
help for people
113
(The First 100 Days) recovery: get the
economy going
114
(The First 100 Days)reform: ensure it
doesn't happen again
115
(Fireside chats) FDR was a great ...; understood the power of ...; talked to the ... and explained his ...
communicator; radio; american people; actions
116
FDR's immediate goals (1933-34) had been
relief, recovery, reform
117
by 1935, FDR shifted his focus to: promoting the ... of people; protecting the ...; although, ... still a priority
general welfare; rights of citizens; jobs
118
(left/liberals/progressives) big ...; gov can ...; create ... as a solution; if need to, ... to pay
gov; solve problems; programs; raise taxes
119
(right/conservatives) small ...; ... should sort things out; don't like ...'; keep ... as low as possible
gov; free market; gov programs; taxes
120
(FDR & Supreme Court) supreme court consists of ... justices who serve for ... for the purpose of .... and...
9; life; separation of powers; checks and balances
121
(FDR & Supreme Court) supreme court ruled .... were ...
2 major New Deal Programs; unconstitutional
122
(FDR & Supreme Court) 2 programs ruled unconstitional:
agricultural adjustment act; national recovery administration
123
(FDR & Supreme Court) FDR feared the court would ... all of his New Deal programs and ... new ones
sweep away; discourage
124
(FDR & Supreme Court) .. jusices appointed by Harding/Coolidge (R); .. Justices appointed by Wilson (D)
7; 2;
125
(FDR & Supreme Court) FDR wanted to add .. more Justices to Court to have ....
6; Democratic majority
126
(FDR & Supreme Court) 6 justices --> the president picks the Justices and he would pick ones that would ... and would thus have ... advantage
favor the New Deal; 8-7
127
("Packing the Court") seen by many as threat to ...
checks and balances
128
("Packing the Court") FDR did win much of the public over: cited ... for Supreme court to handle
too many cases
129
("Packing the Court") FDR winning public over: indirectly cited Justice's ...; many were ...; Fireside Chat #... march 9, 1937
ages; +70 years old; 9
130
("Packing the Court") before any action taken: Supreme Court announced their workload was ..., narrowly upheld ... in 5 to 4 voters
manageable; New Deal laws
131
Supreme Court ruled that ... and ... was ok
minimum wage; social security
132
one justice ... later in 1937 and replaced by FDR
retired
133
momentum for .. was lost and FDR ...
change; gave up
134
ironically, by 1940, ... more retired and ... others died
2; 2
135
(short term effect) FDR became less ... in pushing ....
aggressive; major New Deal programs
136
(short term effect) Democratic Senate and House majorities ..., but reduced in...
retained; 1938 Midterm elections
137
(short term effect) the supreme court was "nudged" into being more open to the idea of an ...
active Federal gov
138
(short term effect) sept 1937: FDR has ...
60% approval rating
139
(long term effect) in the end, FDR was able to appoint ... while president (.. advantage)
8 Supreme Court Justices; 8-1
140
(long term effect) attitude of supreme court was more open to an ... for years to come
active Federal gov
141
(critics) some americans concerned by .... for the New Deal: esp ... and ...
massive gov spending; republicans; conservatives
142
(critics) New Deal required ...
deficit spending
143
(critics) deficit spending: when a nation ... than it ...
spends more; collects in revenues (taxes)
144
(critics) deficit spending: 1932: ... deficit; 1936: ... deficit
$461 million; $4.4 billion
145
(critics) national debt: 1932- ...; 1939- ...
$19B; $40B
146
(critics) But FDR had support from ...: british ... who argue that ... and ... is required to end ...
John Maynard Keynes; economist; government action; deficit spending; econoomic crisis
147
(Eleanor Roosevelt) an "..." for FDR
ambassador
148
(Eleanor Roosevelt) 1st "..." First Lady; gave ...
modern; press conferences
149
(Eleanor Roosevelt) visited ..., ..., and ...
coal mines; farmers; indian reservations
150
(Eleanor Roosevelt) attended ... in birmingham, alabama
human welfare conference
151
(Eleanor Roosevelt) human welfare conference- ... and ... attended but had to sit ...
whites; blacks; separately
152
(Eleanor Roosevelt) human welfare conference- eleanor tried to
sit with black audience
153
(Eleanor Roosevelt) human welfare conference- told by police she was
breaking the law
154
(Eleanor Roosevelt) human welfare conference- she moved her chair to
aisle between audiences
155
(Eleanor Roosevelt) after FDR's death in 1945, Eleanor was a world famous
advocate for justice
156
(Eleanor Roosevelt) a us. delegate to the
UN
157
(Eleanor Roosevelt) advocated for: ... around the world; ... for minorities in US; equal ... for women
human rights; civil rights; rights
158
(Eleanor Roosevelt) campaigned for
Democrats
159
(african-americans FDR) FDR sought the advice of African-American leaders regarding
discrimination and racial issues
160
(african-americans FDR) FDR's Black Cabinet: group of ...; regularly ....; ... FDR
african-american leaders; visited the White House; advised
161
(african-americans FDR) Black cabinet included:
robert weaver & mary macleod bethune
162
(african-americans FDR) robert weaver: later 1st
african-american cabinet member
163
(african-americans FDR) mary macleod bethune: founder of
bethune-cookman university
164
(african-americans FDR) FDR also appointed many African-Americans to
gov positions
165
(african-americans FDR) BUT- FDR did not get any
civil rights legislation passed
166
(african-americans FDR) FDR focused on welfare of ...
nation as a whole
167
(african-americans FDR) FDR believed that Southern Democrats would ... if he passed civl rights laws
block his New Deal legislation
168
(african-americans FDR) but still- FDR started the ... of African-Americans from the ... to he ..
political migration; Republican; Democratic party
169
(New Deal Coalition) a block of voters that supported FDR's ...
New Deal program nd its ideals
170
(New Deal Coalition) consisted of
workers; southern whites; farmers; african-Americans; women
171
(New Deal Coalition) impct: elected FDR ... times; Democrats controoled ... 1933-1953 and .... 1933-1995
four; white house; house of representatives
172
(New deal effectiveness) by 1932 (hoover) unemployment: ...; economy shrank by ... since 1929
25%; 30%
173
(New deal effectiveness) 1937 (after 4 years of New Deal action) unemployment: ...%; economy grew by ...; it had grown ... in 1936
14; 5%; 15%
174
(New deal effectiveness) in 1938, the economy ...; unemployment: ...; economy decreased by ..
worsened; 19%; 4.5%
175
(New deal effectiveness) why did the economy worsen: FDR had cut back ...- thought things were ...; hurting from ....; pressure to lower ...; foreign policy issues required ...
New Deal spending; mostly fixed; Court Packing scheme; Federal $ deficit; attention
176
(New Deal Legacy) The New Deal did not
end the Depression
177
(New Deal Legacy) 1939: unemployment- ...; economy grew by ...%
17%; 9
178
(New Deal Legacy) but the New Deal certainly lessened its ....
impact on the American people
179
(New Deal Legacy) spurred ... and employed ...
economic growth; millions
180
(New Deal Legacy) provided ... to millions
direct relief
181
(New Deal Legacy) gave peopl..- something was being ...
hope; tried
182
(New Deal Legacy) changed the role of
government in America
183
(New Deal Legacy) the federal gov was now...; before, most people didn't ... with the Federal gov
THE gov; interact
184
(New Deal Legacy) the government is now expected to ...; before, ... was the norm
inverne in bad economic times; laissez faire
185
(New Deal Legacy) Eleveated the presidency to an even ...: the nation looks to the President for ...; Before, many presidents "..." rather than ..
higher level; action; presided; acted
186
(New Deal Legacy) the new deal still affects us today: confidence in ... and the ..: FDIC & SEC; growth of ... and end of ...;
banks; stock market; labor unions; child labor;
187
(New Deal Legacy) the new deal still affects us today: ... for senior citizens; workers receive .., ..., and ...; countless ... and other ... still in use
social security; unemployment $; worker's comp; disability 4; public buildings; projects
188
trends that started in th 1920s ... in the 1930s
blossomed in
189
these trends had a different ... or ...
mood; flaovor
190
trends shaped by the ...: ..., ..., and ...
hard economic times; radio; movies; jazz
191
(radio) by 1937- ..% of american homes had a radio
67
192
(radio) by 1939-...% had a radio
90%
193
(radio) CBS and NBC ... networks: variety, ... opers, ..., ..., ...
dominant; soap; dramas; mysteries; comedies
194
(war of the worlds) october 30, 1938: radio drama of ...; realistic style fooled thousands who ...
martian invasion; thought it was real
195
(war of the worlds) police, radio stations and newspapers
flooded with phone calls
196
(war of the worlds) stories of people actually
fleeing their homes
197
(movies) Hollywod was dominated by the ...
studio system
198
(movies) actors, directors, crews were under
exclusive contract by major studios
199
(movies) studios even owned
theaters
200
(movies) studios had the ...: MGM, Paramount, Warner Bros., 20th Century Fox
power
201
(movies) dominant themes:
escapism; social commentary
202
(movies-escapism) looking to forget ...; people living like they ...
economic troubles; dream about
203
(movies-escapism) musicals, romantic comedies; actors:
ginger rogers; fred astaie
204
(movies-social commentary) reflected mood of ... and ...
country; problems of the day
205
(movies-escapism) it happened one night: ....→ king of ...; and ...
clark gable; hollywood; claudette colbert
206
(movies-escapism) it happened one night: 1934 oscars for:
best picture; best actor; best actress
207
(movies-escapism) my man
godrey (1936)
208
(movies-escapism) 1st full length cartoon-->
snow white 1937
209
(movies-escapism) the little rascals: comedy ... (1922-194); featured ...; The "gang" were ... in 1930s; notable for showing ... and ... as equals
short series; child actors; underdogs/poor;white and black children
210
(movies-escapism) comedy: made ...; emphasized ... from silent era; overlaid ...
short films; slapstick; verbal comedy
211
(movies-escapism) adventure/action:
the adventures of Robin Hood
212
(movies-social commentary) ... films were very popular
gangster
213
(movies-social commentary) gangster films reflected: the rise in ... (reality); individuals who take ... (although in a criminal way); ..., famous star
crime; charge of their lives; james cagney
214
(movies-social commentary) by the late 1930s some films reflect: fight the ... →support ".." and root for the ...
the good fight; lost causes; underdog
215
(movies-social commentary) Mr Smith goes to washington: naiive
senator smith
216
(jazz) jazz continued to ... along the path set by Armstrong and Ellington: big ... and featured ...
evole; bands; soloists
217
(movies-social commentary) mid 1930s and 1940s; music had
armstrong's swing
