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bio unit 3 & 4 > The Gene Pool > Flashcards

The Gene Pool Flashcards

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1
Q

Allele

A

An alternative form of a gene

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2
Q

Population

A

All the members of a species in a location at a time

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3
Q

Gene pool

A

The complete set of alleles within a particular population

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4
Q

Gene pool

A

The complete set of alleles within a particular population

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5
Q

Allele frequency

A

The proportion of a certain allele in a gene pool

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6
Q

Genetic diversity

A

The variation in genetic makeup or alleles within a population

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7
Q

Mutation

A

Any change to the DNA of an organism that is unpredictable and random

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8
Q

Do most mutations have an effect on the organism?

A

No, but some mutations result in a phenotypic change

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9
Q

Two types of mutations

A

Spontaneous or induced

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10
Q

Spontaneous mutation

A

A mutation that happens for no particular reason (e.g DNA copying error)

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11
Q

Induced mutation

A

A mutation caused by radiation or chemical mutagen

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12
Q

Mutagen

A

An agent that can cause mutations in DNA

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13
Q

Where can mutations be inherited and located?

A

In the germline or somatic cells

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14
Q

Germline cells

A

Mutations here are heritable. These cells are involved in production of gametes (reproductive cells)

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15
Q

Somatic cells

A

not heritable - these cells don’t divide (muscle cells)

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16
Q

Point mutation definition and types

A

Point mutation is when one nucleotide is altered. Types include silent, missense, nonsense, frameshift

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17
Q

Silent mutation

A

A nucleotide is substituted for another, changing the codon, but still coding for the same amino acid. (doesn’t change the protein structure)

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18
Q

Missense mutation

A

A nucleotide is substituted for another, changing the codon AND coding for a different amino acid. (affects protein structure)

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19
Q

Nonsense mutation

A

A nucleotide is substituted for another, changing the codon for a STOP codon - stopping transcription. (affects protein structure and shortens polypeptide so it can’t function as intended)

20
Q

Frameshift mutation

A

Addition or deletion of a nucleotide, altering the reading frame of all the following nucleotides. (causes major disruption to structure+function of proteins)

21
Q

Block mutations definition and its types

A

Block mutations affect a large chunk of DNA or an entire gene, they alter the structure of a chromosome and usually occur during meiosis. Include deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation.

22
Q

Deletion mutation

A

A section of DNA is removed from the chromosome, shortening the DNA

23
Q

Duplication mutation

A

When a section of DNA is replicated, lengthening it

24
Q

Inversion mutation

A

When a section of DNA has its sequence reversed

25
Q

Translocation mutation

A

When two sections of DNA on different chromosomes switch places

26
Q

Two types of chromosomal abnormalities

A

Polyploidy and aneuploidy

27
Q

Polyploidy

A

Additional SETS of chromosomes - common in plants

28
Q

Effects of polyploidy in plants

A

Increased size, reduction in fertility, change in growth pattern

29
Q

Aneuploidy

A

Varies from the usual number of chromosomes in the genome by addition or loss of a chromosome. Monosomy is one less chromosome, trisomy is one additional

30
Q

Environmental selection pressure

A

A factor in the environment that impacts the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce

31
Q

Natural selection

A

A mechanism through which organisms that are better adapted to their environment have an increased chance of surviving and passing on their alleles

32
Q

Darwin’s observations

A
  1. There is phenotypic variation
  2. Offspring tend to inherit the traits of their parents
  3. The species produce more offspring than required to replace themselves
  4. There is a struggle to survive
33
Q

Selecting agent

A

The element of the environment that applies a selection pressure

34
Q

Sexual selection

A

A form of natural selection in which the selection pressure is the ability to obtain a mate

35
Q

Genetic drift and it’s types

A

A random event that dramatically alters a populations gene pool - only has a significant impact on a small population. E.g founder effect or bottleneck effect

36
Q

Founder effect

A

Formation of a new population by a non representative sample of individuals from parent population

37
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

The reduction in genetic diversity when a large proportion of a population is removed due to a chance event

38
Q

Inbreeding

A

Sexual reproduction between 2 related individuals

39
Q

Lower adaptive potential

A

Populations become vulnerable to new selection pressures that could challenge and wipe out the entire population due to absence of advantageous alleles

40
Q

Interbreeding

A

When two individuals living in different populations mate and have offspring

41
Q

Difference between inbreeding and interbreeding

A

Inbreeding lowers genetic diversity, increasing the chance of genetic disorders as it involves closely related species mating. Interbreeding introduces new alleles to a population’s gene pool as it involves mating between individuals of different species/populations

42
Q

Gene flow

A

The flow of alleles between populations as a result of migration or interbreeding between two populations

43
Q

Immigration

A

The entering of alleles into a population

44
Q

Emigration

A

The leaving of alleles out of a population

45
Q

What increases genetic diversity?

A

Interbreeding, immigration, mutations

46
Q

What decreases genetic diversity?

A

Natural selection, sexual selection, founder effect, bottleneck effect, emigration

bio unit 3 & 4 (34 decks)

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