first line of defence

Question 1

Physical barriers plants

Answer 1

-waxy cuticle
-bark
-positioning of leaves
-closing of stomata to prevent pathogen entry during co2 uptake
-thorns and trichomes
-galls

Question 1

innate immune system

Answer 1

non specific response to pathogens

Question 2

galls

Answer 2

abnormal tissue outgrowth in plants designed to limit the spread of an invading pathogen

Question 3

trichomes

Answer 3

small hairs on the surface of plants designed to deter pathogens / insects

Question 4

chemical barriers plants

Answer 4

release toxins and enzymes or oils that kill pathogens. - oxalic acids, saponins

Question 5

microbiological barriers animals

Answer 5

-competition and secretions from normal flora
-gut flora

Question 6

physical barriers animals

Answer 6

-mucus and cilia
-intact skin

Question 7

chemical barriers animals

Answer 7

-acidic sweat
-digestive enzymes
-stomach acid
-lysosymes in tears

Question 8

cilia

Answer 8

push pathogens to our throat where we can either cough it out or swallow it to destroy it by stomach acid