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NBB Test 2 > The Eye > Flashcards

The Eye Flashcards

1
Q

Develops as an evagination of the developing forebrain

A

The Eye

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2
Q

Separates neural retina from retinal pigment epithelium

-Will be obliterated later in development

A

Intraretinal space

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3
Q

Invade the optic stalk during development

A

Hyaloid Artery and Vein

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4
Q

The hyaloid artery and vein are ultimately enveloped into the developing optic nerve to become the

A

Central artery and vein of the retina

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5
Q

Retinal vasculature passes through the optic nerve to enter the

A

Retina

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6
Q

Part of the CNS and the optic nerve attaching it to the brain is an extension of the CNS

A

Retina

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7
Q

The retina is part of the CNS and the optic nerve attaching it to the brain is an extension of the CNS, surrounded by

A

Meninges and CSF

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8
Q

Continuous withthe meninges

A

Optic Sheath

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9
Q

Compresses the optic nerve and impairs venous return

A

High ICP

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10
Q

Swelling of the optic disc due to increased intracranial pressure

A

Papilledema

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11
Q

Papilledema is almost always

A

Bilateral

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12
Q

It may develop acutely (ruptured cerebral aneurysm) or over the course of several weeks or months (tumor)

A

Papilledema

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13
Q

What are the two sites of “Sty’s”?

A

Sebaceous and apocrine glands of eyelids

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14
Q

Interruption of sympathetic innervation to the smooth portion of the levator palpebrae superioris (Müller’s muscle) and the dilator pupillae muscle

A

Horner’s Syndrome

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15
Q

Horner’s syndrome results in

A

Ptosis, miosis, and anhydrosis on the affected side

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16
Q

Function in lubrication, and as a moist environment for corneal epithelial cells,

A

Tears

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17
Q

Are bacteriostatic, and provides nourishment via dissolved oxygen, etc.

A

Tears

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18
Q

A mucous membrane lining the inner surface of the eyelids (palpebral) and the surface of the globe (bulbar)

A

Conjunctiva

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19
Q

The conjunctiva is continuous with the corneal epithelium at the

A

Limbus

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20
Q

Subject to (usually) viral infection, conjunctivitis or “pink eye”

-Has a dense blood and lymphatic network

A

Conjunctiva

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21
Q

A layer of fascia that envelopes the globe from the optic nerve to the limbus

A

Tenon’s capsule (fascia bulbi)

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22
Q

Pierced by the extraocular muscles

A

Tenon’s capsule (fascia bulbi)

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23
Q

Reflections of the Tenon’s capsule onto the extraocular muscles form check ligaments that limit their

A

Actions

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24
Q

The lower portion of the capsule fuses with the fascia of the inf. rectus and inf. oblique muscles to form the

A

Suspensory ligament of the eyeball

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25
Q

The vascular layer, including the Choroid posteriorly and the ciliary body, lens and iris anteriorly

A

Uvea

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26
Q

Continuous with the Cornea (clear) at the limbus

A

Sclera or Corneoscleral coat

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27
Q

The neural layer, the Retina, an incomplete layer ends anteriorly at the

A

Ora Serrata

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28
Q

What are the two segments of the eye?

A

Anterior and posterior segments

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29
Q

The anterior segment is filled with

-Constantly replaced

A

Aqueous humor

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30
Q

The anterior segment is divided by the iris into the

A

Anterior Chamber and Posterior Chamber

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31
Q

From the iris to the lense is the

A

Posterior chamber

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32
Q

The posterior segment containsthe

A

Vitreous humor

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33
Q

A gel that turns over slowly

A

Vitreous humor

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34
Q

The remnant of the hyaloid artery and vein

A

Hyaloid canal

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35
Q

Contains macrophages that phagocytose debris that escape the retina

A

Vitreous Humor

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36
Q

Comprises 75% of the refractive power of the eye

A

Cornea

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37
Q

Is avascular and has its metabolic needs met by tears (anteriorly) and aqueous humor (posteriorly)

A

Cornea

38
Q

A highly organized collagenous matriz in the cornea

A

Stroma

39
Q

The most densely innervated tissue in the body

A

Cornea

40
Q

The cornea is the most densely innervated tissue in the body. It is innervated by the

A

Opthalamic division of the trigeminal nerve

41
Q

The cornea has stem cells for epithelial renewal at the

A

Limbus

42
Q

The endothelium of the cornea has the essential role of

A

Deturgescence

43
Q

Pumping ions out of the cornea to keep it transparent

A

Deturgescence

44
Q

A protective mechanism for the cornea

A

Corneal (blink) reflex

45
Q

For the corneal (blink) reflex, what is the

  1. ) Afferent limb?
  2. ) Efferent limb?
A
  1. ) Opthalamic division of V

2. ) Facial nerve

46
Q

In the corneal (blink) reflex, what do the following parts of the orbicularis occuli do?

  1. ) Orbital part
  2. ) Palpebral part
A
  1. ) Squinting

2. ) Blinking

47
Q

The thickened anterior portion of the Uvea (vascular layer) located between the iris and the choroid

A

Ciliary Body

48
Q

It is a ring of tissue that supports the lens and is important in adjusting the refractive power of the lens

A

Ciliary body

49
Q

A highly specialized epithelial structure

A

The (crystalline) Lens

50
Q

Are 1. precisely aligned with their neighbors, 2. have minimal extracellular space and 3. accumulate specialized proteins

A

Lens fiber cells

51
Q

Lens fiber cells accumulate specialized proteins called

A

Crystallins

52
Q

Once proteins are made, all organelles are

A

Degraded

53
Q

Disruption of any of these 3 can destroy the transparency of the lens, which leads to

A

Cataracts

54
Q

Sensitive to damage by UV light.

-Grows slowly throughout life

A

Lens

55
Q

Most (~75%) of the refraction (light bending) occurs in the cornea. The remainder is from the

A

Lens

56
Q

The refractive power of lens can be adjusted by contraction or relaxation of the

A

Ciliary Muscle

57
Q

The image on the retina is

A

Upside down and reversed left to right

58
Q

Since the image projected on the retina is upside down (A) and reversed left to right (B) this must be taken into account when assessing

A

Visual Disturbances

59
Q

Allows the image formed by the eyes to fall on the fovea, the part of the retina with highest acuity

A

Central Fixation Point

60
Q

If the image formed is not focused on the retina, the result is

A

Nearsightedness or Farsightedness

61
Q

When the ciliary muscle contracts tension on the zonular fibers is relaxed allowing the lens to assume a more spherical shape and increase bending of light rays for

A

Close up vision

62
Q

In older people the lens is less elastic and less likely to resume the

A

Spherical Shape

-Bends light less

63
Q

Collects aqueous humor for trabecular meshwork

A

Canal of Schlemm

64
Q

Absorbs aqueous humor

A

Trabecular Meshwork

65
Q

Aqueous humor passes through the pupil into the

A

Anterior chamber

66
Q

What percentage of the aqueous humor is drained to the venous system via the

  1. ) Trabecular meshwork?
  2. ) Veins in the ciliary body
A
  1. ) 90%

2. ) 10%

67
Q

For production of aqueous humor by the ciliary epithelium, we need

A

↑ β2, ↓ a2

68
Q

Excessive aqueous humor pressure damages retinal ganglion cells and can lead to

A

Glaucoma

69
Q

Provides a vehicle for nourishment of the cornea and the lens, both of which are avascular

A

Aqueous Humor

70
Q

Similar in composition to plasma but with very low concentration of protein

-Turns over about 12 times per day

A

Aqueous humor

71
Q

What are the three laters of retinal cells?

A
  1. ) Photoreceptors (rods and cones)
  2. ) Bipolar cells
  3. ) Retinal Ganglion cells
72
Q

The outer segments of both rods and cones are embedded in the

A

Retinal pigment epithelium

73
Q

In most areas of the retina, light passes through 2 layers of cells to get to the

A

Rods and cones

74
Q

Is made up of only cones and is the area of highest visual acuity

A

Fovea

75
Q

The inner layers of the retina, (bipolar and retinal ganglion cells) are supplied by the

A

Retinal Vessels

76
Q

The outer layers of the retina (photoreceptors and RPE) are supplied by blood vessels in the

-little to no anastomosis w/ retinal vessels

A

Choroid

77
Q

There are three types of cones with different

-Photopigments

A

Opsins

78
Q

/what color light do the following cones pick up?

  1. ) Short
  2. ) Medium
  3. ) Long
A
  1. ) Blue
  2. ) Green
  3. ) Red
79
Q

Rods have one pigment, rhodopsin, and are responsible for

A

Non-color vision in dim light

80
Q

The distribution of rods and cones is highest on the

A

Temporal side of the optic disk

81
Q

Part of both rods and cones contains the organelles associated with the production of proteins, rough ER, Golgi, etc

A

Inner Segment

82
Q

The proteins produced are photopigments that are packaged into membrane enclosed compartments that resemble

A

Flattened discs

83
Q

Contains stacks of those flattened discs

A

Outer Segment

84
Q

The distal part of the outer segment is embedded in the

A

Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE)

85
Q

Are closer to the inner segment of the rod or cone

A

Newly formed discs

86
Q

How are the photopigment containing discs organized in the

  1. ) Rods
  2. ) Cones
A
  1. ) Separate

2. ) Continuous

87
Q

Shows the distal ends of the outer segment of the photoreceptors surrounded by processes of the RPE cells

A

Interaction between RPE and photoreceptor cells

88
Q

Shows expended discs of photopigments phagocytosed by the RPE for recycling

A

Interaction between RPE and Photoreceptor cells

89
Q

Regenerate photopigments for reuse by the rods and cones

A

RPE cells

90
Q

Retinal detachment denotes separation of the photoreceptors from the

A

RPE

NBB Test 2 (33 decks)

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