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NBB Test 2 > The Chemical Senses > Flashcards

The Chemical Senses Flashcards

1
Q

Involves the detection of volatile compounds (odorants) by the olfactory epithelium of the nose

A

Smell (olfaction)

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2
Q

An open system capable of adapting and signaling information about an indeterminate environment

A

Olfaction

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3
Q

Lost or impaired smell

-Should be taken very seriously

A

Anosmia

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4
Q

Continually replaced every 3060 days from the basal stem cell population

A

Olfactory Receptor Neurons (ORNs)

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5
Q

Loss of AON, granule or periglomerular neurons may be responsible for impaired olfaction in

A

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)

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6
Q

Odorant discrimination is from the

A

Orbitofrontal olfactory area

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7
Q

What are the 4 cortical regions that are activated by olfactory stimulation?

A

Orbitofrontal cortex, piriform cortex, amygdala, and region of olfactory bulb

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8
Q

In the central neural pathways mediating olfaction, there is no

A

Thalamic relay

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9
Q

The site of sensory transduction

A

Cilia

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10
Q

Evoke a depolarizing (inward) current

A

Odorants

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11
Q

Are 7 transmembrane (7-TM) G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR)

A

Odorant Receptors

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12
Q

Are (heterotrimeric) G-protein coupled receptors

A

Odorant Receptors (ORs)

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13
Q

The alpha subunit of ORs is specific to

A

ORNs

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14
Q

Odorant binding elicits increases in

A

Intracellular cAMP levels

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15
Q

Elevated cAMP stimulates opening of cation channels, leading to

A

Depolarization

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16
Q

In OSNs, activated signal transduction molecules are targeted for negative feedback regulation. This causes

A

Desensitization

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17
Q

The vast majority of GPCRs display a rapid loss of responsiveness in the continuing or recurring presence of an

A

Agonist or Stimulus

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18
Q

Uncoupling of receptor from G proteins in response to receptor phosphorylation causes

A

Desensitization

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19
Q

Internalization of cell surface receptors to the cytosol causes

A

Desensitization

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20
Q

Likely to be essential for the prevention of cellular transduction machinery saturation, thus allowing high sensitivity retention during continuous or repetitive odor stimulation

A

Desensitization

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21
Q

What percentage of human odorant receptor genes are not transcribed (pseudogenes)

A

About 60%

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22
Q

Integrates input from many ORNs

A

The Olfactory Bulb

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23
Q

Axons of thousands of ORNs expressing the same OR converge at a single

A

Glomerulus

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24
Q

A single glomerulus reflects the summed activity of all ORNs that express a single

A

OR

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25
Q

This convergence is thought to increase the sensitivity of the

A

Olfactory System

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26
Q

This convergence is thought to increase the sensitivity of the olfactory system and enhances the signal sent to the brain for activity at each

A

Receptor

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27
Q

5-25 mitral cell dendrites innervate a single

A

Glomerulus

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28
Q

Exhibit distinct thresholds for particular odorants, suggesting the perception of an odor can change as a function of its concentration

A

ORN’s

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29
Q

Recognize different features of odorants

A

ORs

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30
Q

Depends on which receptors are activated and how strongly

A

Odor Recognition

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31
Q

The array of receptor activation leads to a unique pattern of

-Consistent between individuals

A

Glomeruli Activation

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32
Q

The patterns of activity in the olfactory bulb are transmitted to higher brain regions for

A

Processing

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33
Q

The cingulate gyrus and orbitofrontal complex are more activated for

A

Pleasant smells

34
Q

Intranasal polyposis, chronic rhinitis, allergic rhinitis, and upper respiratory (viral) infections (common cold) are forms of

A

Nasal/sinus diseases

35
Q

Posttraumatic anosmia is a clinical sign of

A

Orbitofrontal damage

36
Q

Adrenal cortical insufficiency, diabetes mellitus, Kallmann syndrome, and Turner syndrome all cause

A

Olfactory dysfunction

37
Q

Alzheimer’s and Huntington’s Chorea are neurological causes of

A

Olfactory Dysfunction

38
Q

Both chemotherapy and radiation treatments target dividing cells and therefore also have dramatic effects on

A

Chemosensory stem cells

39
Q

Losses secondary to obstruction of the nasal airflow to the olfactory cleft

A

Conductive olfactory loss

40
Q

What are three examples of conditions that cause conductive losses to the olfactory system?

A

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), allergic rhinitis, and tumors

41
Q

Losses secondary to damage to or dysfunction of the olfactory nerves anywhere from the olfactory receptors through the olfactory bulb to the processing centers in the brain

A

Sensorineural olfactory losses

42
Q

Damage to the olfactory epithelium, the olfactory nerve, the olfactory bulb or olfactory tract can cause

A

Unilateral anosmia

43
Q

Destruction of olfactory cortex or olfactory pathways posterior to the trigone (where the tracts divide) must be bilateral to affect

A

Olfactory Function

44
Q

Can be difficult to detect due to compensation by contralateral nostril

A

Ipsilateral Anosmia

45
Q

Involves the direct contact of water-soluble compounds with tongue pappilae

A

Taste or Gustation

46
Q

What is more sensitive, olfaction or taste?

A

Olfaction

47
Q

We can detect odorants at nanomolar concentrations (10-9M) while taste requires

A

Milimolar concentrations

48
Q

What are the 5 primary taste qualities/modalities?

A

Sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and umami

49
Q

Taste cells are clustered into taste buds (~4000 in human oral cavity) on

A

Lingual Papillae

50
Q

Three morphologically distinct lingual papillae exist. They are:

A

Fungiform (25% of taste), Circumvallate (50%) Foliate (25%)

51
Q

Embedded in pappilae of lingual epithelium and in the oral cavity

A

Taste Buds

52
Q

Taste buds open onto the epithelial surface via a

A

Taste Pore

53
Q

Are continually being replaced from a basal stem cell population (~2 weeks)

A

Taste Cells

54
Q

Taste from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue are from

A

CN VII chorda tympani branch

55
Q

Taste from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue is from

A

CN IX lingual branch

56
Q

Taste from the epiglottis and posterior pharynx are from

A

CN X sup. laryngeal branch

57
Q

Are electrically excitable and can generate action potentials, although they are non-neuronal

A

Taste Cells

58
Q

Tastecellactivityis relayed via sensory neurons that innervate them at their

A

Basal Poles

59
Q

Which tastes act directly on ion channels?

A

Na+ and K+ (salty) and H+ (sour)

60
Q

Which tastes act via G-protein mediated intracellular second messenger cascades?

A

Bitter, sweet, and Umami tastants

61
Q

Mediated by Na+ influx through Na+ channels

A

Salty taste

62
Q

Mediated by the passage of protons through Na+ channels or the blockade of K+ channels

A

Sour (acids)

63
Q

Nonvolatile, hydrophilic molecules soluble in saliva

A

Most taste molecules

64
Q

Encodes quantitative and qualitative aspects (concentration = flavor intensity)

A

Taste stimuli

65
Q

30-40% of people cannot taste the bitter compound

A

PTC

66
Q

Taste receptors also adapt to the ongoing presence of a

A

Stimulus

67
Q

What percentage of a meals flavor is the result of olfactory input?

A

80%

68
Q

Of patients complaining of smell and taste loss, what percentage suffer true gustatory loss?

A

Less than 5%

69
Q

Functions in noxious stimuli detection (nociception) (general somatic)

-Stimulate polymodal nociceptive fibers

A

Trigeminal chemoreception

70
Q

Trigeminal chemoreception is activated by chemical irritants that come in contact with the

A

Face or Oral cavity

71
Q

Exposure triggers a variety of responses, including increased salivation, tearing, sweating, decreased respiratory rate, broncho-constriction

A

Trigeminal chemoreceptor irritants

72
Q

Blocks ligand-gated ion channels in nociceptive fibers

-Can block pain signal

A

Capsaicin

73
Q

Many “irritants”can also be perceived as odors or tastes, but the threshold concentrations are much higher for the perception of

A

Irritating Sensations

74
Q

For anosmics, the threshold is higher, and the lower level perception is

A

Absent

75
Q

Substances which are secreted to the outside by an individual and received by a second individual of the same species, in which they release a specific reaction, for example, a definite behavior or a developmental process

A

Pheromone

76
Q

Usually found in urine or glandular secretions

A

Pheromones

77
Q

Requirement of VMO in question for a number of pheromone responses, suggesting that some responses can be mediated by the

A

Main olfactory system

78
Q

What are the two pheromone receptor genes in rodents that encode 7-TM G-protein coupled receptors?

A

V1R class and V2R class

79
Q

Areas that are involved in reproductive and aggressive behaviors are neural pathways for processing

A

Pheromone signals

80
Q

What are the neural pathways for processing pheromone signals?

A

Bed of nucleus of tria terminalis and medial/posterior amygdala

81
Q

Begins to develop in humans during gestation, but disappears before birth

A

A VMO (vomeronasal organ)

82
Q

Humans possess numerous genes that are homologous to vomeronasal receptor genes from lower organisms, but the vast majority appear to be

A

Pseudogenes

NBB Test 2 (33 decks)

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