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NBB Test 2 > Basal Ganglia 1 > Flashcards

Basal Ganglia 1 Flashcards

1
Q

a series of interconnected, subcortical nuclei, in telencephalon, diencephalon, and mesencephalon

A

Basal Ganglia

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2
Q

The basal ganglia functions to control cortical functions such as

A

Cognitive, motor, and limbic function

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3
Q

Cortical functions are initiated and enabled by the

A

Basal Ganglia

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4
Q

Associted with several neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders

A

Basal Ganglia Disorders

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5
Q

“Movement Disorders” or “Extrapyramidal disorders” are motor disorders that arise from

A

Basal Ganglia Dysfunction

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6
Q

Neuropsychiatric Disorders of “habit” are also associated with basal ganglia. These include

A

Addictions, OCD, and Tics

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7
Q

Basal ganglia loops facilitate

A

Motor Cortical areas

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8
Q

Facilitate motor cortical areas including:

1-initiating movement
2-habit formation
3-“chunk” action sequences 4-terminate movements

A

Basal Ganglia Loops

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9
Q

Basal Ganglia lesions produce either

A

Increased or decreased movement

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10
Q

Forming motor habits enables movements to be executed without attention to the details of the

A

Movement

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11
Q

The hallmark of basal ganglia diseases

A

Parkinson’s Disease

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12
Q

Movements are slowed and labored and automaticity is lost

-There is an increased need for attention to movement

A

Parkinson’s Disease

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13
Q

Made up of the caudate and putamen basal ganglia

A

Striatum

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14
Q

The caudate ganglia and thalamus are medial to the

A

Internal Capsule

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15
Q

What are the two basal ganglia structures outside of the cerebrum?

A

Subthalamic nucleus (diencephalon) and substantia nigra (Mesencephalon)

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16
Q

The substantia Nigra is made up of the

A

Pars compacta and Pars Reticulata

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17
Q

Tightly packed neurons contianing dopamine

A

Pars Compacta

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18
Q

Less densely packed than pars compacta

A

Pars Reticulata

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19
Q

Controls the movement in Parkinson’s Disease

A

Nigrostriatal Pathway

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20
Q

Reward pathway for schizophrenia and depression

A

Mesolimbic Pathway

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21
Q

Controls working memory and the negative signs of schizophrenia

A

Mesocortical Pathway

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22
Q

Caudate and putamen receive

A

Cortical Inputs

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23
Q

Substantia nigrapc DA projection modulates the

A

Circuit

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24
Q

Receive Inputs from large areas of the entire cortex

A

Medium Spiny Neurons in the Striatum

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25
Q

These medium spiny neurons then project to the

A

Globus pallidus (internal and external) and Substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNpr)

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26
Q

Have similar functions

A

Globus pallidus Internal (Gpi) and SNpr

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27
Q

SNpr is for

A

Eye movements

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28
Q

Internal globuspallidus (GPi) provides tonic inhibition to

A

VA/VL of thalamus (With SNpr)

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29
Q

Inhibitionof GPileads to more excitation of

A

VA/VL of thalamus and cortex

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30
Q

Excitationof GPileads to more inhibition of

A

VA/VL and cortex

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31
Q

Excites GPi, causing inhibition of the cortex (and movement)

A

Subthalamic Nucleus

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32
Q

Inhibits Gpi, causing more excitation of cortex (and movement), through disinhibition

A

Stiatum

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33
Q

Lesions of the subthalamicnucleus produce

A

Too much movement (Contralateral hemiballismus)

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34
Q

Facilitates movement through disinhibition

A

Basal Ganglia “Direct” Pathway

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35
Q

At rest, there is tonic inhibition by

A

GPi

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36
Q

However, during movement, Gpi is inhibited by

A

Striatum

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37
Q

Functions to inhibit movements

A

Basal Ganglia “Indirect” Pathway

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38
Q

The direct pathway is via the

A

Caudate/putamen ganglia

39
Q

The indirect pathway is via the

A

Subthalamic Nucleus

40
Q

The concept of activation of motor programs through Direct pathway with simultaneous inhibition of unwanted motor programs through Indirect pathway

A

Center-surround Organization

41
Q

What are the receptor families for dopamine that are

  1. ) Excitatory?
  2. ) Inhibitory?
A
  1. ) D1 receptor

2. ) D2 receptor

42
Q

NigrostriatalDopamine facilitates “Direct” pathway through

A

D1 receptors

43
Q

Facilitates movement through the direct pathway

A

Dopamine

44
Q

Nigrostriatal Dopamine inhibits “Indirect” pathway through

A

D2 Receptors

45
Q

The neurotransmitter in 20% of striatal neurons

A

ACh

46
Q

Preferentially excite the indirect pathway which increases movement inhibition

A

ACh in the 20% of striatal neurons

47
Q

This is why anticholinergics provide benefit in

A

Parkinson’s Disease

48
Q

Characterized by too little movement

-“Negative Symptoms”

A

Hypokinetic Disorders

49
Q

Hypokinetic disorders are the result of either

A

Insufficient direct pathway output or excess indirect pathway output

50
Q

Characterized by too much movement

-Positive Symptoms

A

Hyperkinetic Disorders

51
Q

Hyperkinetic disorders are the result of either

A

Excess direct pathway output or insufficient indirect pathway output

52
Q

Abnormal movements caused by imbalanced activity in the basal ganglia

A

Dyskinesias

53
Q

Hypokinetic disorders, hyperkinetic disorders, and dyskinesias all show symptoms that are

A

Contralateral to the lesion

54
Q

What are the 5 hypokinetic or “negative” symptoms

A

Akinesia, bradykinesi, decreased postural adjustments, hypokineia, and rigidity

55
Q

What are the three hyperkinetic or “positive symptoms”

A

Hemiballismus, chorea, and athetosis

56
Q

The hyperkinetic or “positive symptoms” occur at

A

Rest

57
Q

Spontaneous, involuntary movements usually caused by lacunar infarcts in the subthalamic nucleus

A

Hemiballismus

58
Q

Hemiballismus is usually caused by

A

Lacunar infarcts in the subthalamic nucleus

59
Q

Nearly continuous rapid movements of face, tongue, or limbs

A

Chorea

60
Q

Chorea is most common in

A

Huntington’s Disease

61
Q

Slow, writhing movements, mostly in hands and fingers. Patients cannot maintain a fixed position

A

Athetosis

62
Q

Often in children with cerebral hypoxia, affecting the basal ganglia

A

Athetosis

63
Q

Slower than chorea, twisting postures Triggered by voluntary movements

A

Dystonia

64
Q

The most common presentation of Dystonia

A

Writer’s cramp

65
Q

What are treatments for dystonia?

A

Botulinum toxin and DBS of the DP

66
Q

Tics and tardive dyskinesia are also forms of

A

Hyperkinetic symptoms

67
Q

Sudden brief action preceded by an urge to perform it

A

Tics

68
Q

Characterized by persistent motor and vocal tics

A

Tourette’s Syndrome

69
Q

Dyskinesia resulting from drugs that have dopaminergic actions

A

Tardive Dyskinesia

70
Q

Tardive diskenesia is caused by which classes of drugs?

A

Antipsychotics, anti-emetics, and manganese

71
Q

Occurs in 70-80% of Parkinson’s patients and is most common in hands and arms but can occur in legs and mouth

A

Parkinson’s Tremor

72
Q

Begins unilaterally and is 4-6 Hz at rest

A

Parkinson’s Tremor

73
Q

At rest, Parkinson’s tumor is distinct from a

A

Cerebellar intention tremor

74
Q

What are the 4 parallel basal ganglia pathways?

A

Motor, oculomotor, cognition, and emotions (limbic)

75
Q

Many behaviors (motor, cognitive, emotional) begin with an impulse to act, followed by an

A

Action

76
Q

Autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder with cell loss in caudate and putamen

A

Huntington Chorea

77
Q

Progressive and Neurodegenerative. Eventually leads to akinetic/rigid form of the disease

A

Huntington’s disease

78
Q

In Huntington’s the cell loss in caudate ganglia progresses to the

A

Putamen

79
Q

Huntington’s also affects the cortex, mainly the

A

Frontal and Temporal lobes

80
Q

Treatments for Huntington’s are drugs that decrease

A

Dopamine

81
Q

The medium spiny neurons, containing GABA and Enkephalin, involved in Indirect pathway are affected in

A

Huntington’s disease

82
Q

A progressive and chronic neurodegenerative disease that does not go away and worsens with time

A

Parkinson’s Disease

83
Q

The mean onset of age for
Parkinson’s is?

-Slightly higher prevalence in males than females

A

60 years old

84
Q

Most causes of Parkinson’s are

A

Sporadic

85
Q

70% of young-onset of Parkinson’s is due to

A

Autosomal recessive Parkin Mutation (PARK-2)

86
Q

Common in familial cases of Parkinson’s

A

Autosomal dominant Park-8 gene mutation

87
Q

Pointed to a potential role of environmental toxins, or dopamine metabolism, leading to oxidative stress

A

MTPT

88
Q

The 4 cardinal symptoms of Parkinson’s disease begin unilaterally and are

A

Bradykinesia, Resting Tremor, Rigiity, and Postural Instability

89
Q

Comes later in the disease

A

Postural Instability

90
Q

A major motor sign of Parkinson’s. Patients will take 2 steps back when pulled from behind

A

Retropulsion

91
Q

An early sign of Parkinson’s is

A

Hyposmia

92
Q

What percentage of Parkinson’s patients will have depression?

-Most common psychiatric problem in PD

A

40%

93
Q

To 1st diagnose Parkinson’s, we need at least

A

Bradykinesia + one other symptom

94
Q

Present in 70% of Parkinson’s Cases

-“Pill rolling”

A

Resting Tremor

NBB Test 2 (33 decks)

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