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NBB Test 2 > Opthomology Basics > Flashcards

Opthomology Basics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 types of refractive errors?

A

Hyperopia, Myopia, astigmatism, and presbyopia

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2
Q

A change in direction that occurs when a wave encounters the interface between two media

A

Refraction

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3
Q

What is snell’s law of refraction?

A

n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2

n = index of refraction

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4
Q

When parallel rays are focused in front of the retina

-Secondary to longer eyes

A

Myopia

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5
Q

The correction for myopia is to push the focal point

A

Posteriorly

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6
Q

When parallel rays are focused behind the retina

-Secondary to shorter eyes

A

Hyperopia

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7
Q

The correction for hyperopia is to push the focal point

A

Anteriorly

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8
Q

Inability to see at near secondary to age related loss of elasticity of the focusing system

A

Presbyopia

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9
Q

The correction for Presbyopia is the same as for

A

Hyperopia

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10
Q

When light is not bent equally in all directions

A

Astigmatism

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11
Q

The correction for astigmatism is

A

Refraction

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12
Q

Age related change to the lens of the eye

-Results in clouding of the lens and decreased vision

A

Cataract

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13
Q

Glaucoma is a disease with which 3 cardinal components?

A
  1. ) Optic Nerve Damage
  2. ) Ocular Hypertension
  3. ) Visual Field Loss
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14
Q

Most people with glaucoma are managed by

A

Topical anti-hypertensive drops (B-blockers)

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15
Q

Inflammation of the soft tissue layer (conjunctiva) that overlies the eye

-Also known as pink eye

A

Conjunctivitis

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16
Q

What are the three types of conjunctivitis?

A

Infectious, allergic, and autoimmune

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17
Q

95% of the time, conjunctivitis is

-Treat with observation in most cases

A

Viral and bilateral

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18
Q

Inflammation of the uveal tissue, i.e. the iris, ciliary body, or choroid

A

Uveitis

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19
Q

Responsible for an estimated 10% of all cases of blindness in the US

A

Uveitis

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20
Q

The three main symptoms of uveitis are

A

Redness, pain, and photophobia

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21
Q

Treatment for uveitis is often

A

Topical steroids such as Durezol and prednisolone

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22
Q

Quick onset of action. Less risk of increase IOP and cataract. Systemic side effects

A

Oral prednisone

23
Q

Leading cause of blindness in patients over 60 in developed nations

A

Macular degeneration

24
Q

Loss of retinal pigment epithelial cells without RPE

A

Geographic Atrophy

25
Q

Photoreceptor and choriocapillaris atrophies are seen with

A

Geographic atrophy

26
Q

Marked by growth of new blood vessels

-Typically begins in the choroid and extends through a break in Bruch’s membrane

A

Neovascular (Wet) AMD

27
Q

Can traverse the RPE and proliferate in the subretinal space as well

A

Neovascularization

28
Q

The new blood vessels formed in neovascular AMD are

A

Abnormal (leak and bleed)

29
Q

Induces blood vessel permeability and angiogenesis

A

VEGF

30
Q

Important in many systemic functions including pregnancy, wound healing, remodeling of ischemic myocardium

A

VEGF

31
Q

Intravitreal injection of receptor decoy fusion proteins, whole length antibodies, and fragmented antibodies

A

Anti-VEGF therapy

32
Q

Key Finding: intensive glucose control reduces complications of DM

A

DCCT

33
Q

What are the two main complications in the retina in diabetes patients?

A

Diabetic Retinopathy and Diabetic Retinal Swelling

34
Q

What are the two characteristics of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy?

A

Venous bleeding and IRMA

35
Q

Characterized by a single or localized cluster of leakage sites

A

Focal Macular Edema

36
Q

Typically seen in patients older than 65 years old

-Very uncommon in the young

A

Central Retinal Vein Occlusion (CRVO)

37
Q

What percentage of individuals develop CRVO in the other eye within 5 years

A

5% are bilateral

38
Q

Characterized by painless vision loss and hemorrhages in all 4 quadrants

A

CRVO

39
Q

We see superficial flame memes and deep blot hemes with

A

CRVO

40
Q

Most common in ages 60-70

-Risks are similar to CRVO

A

Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion (BRVO)

41
Q

The typical site for BRVO is

A

Artery-vein crossings

42
Q

Blood flow to the central retinal artery is blocked with

A

Central Retinal Artery Occlusion

43
Q

With central retinal artery occlusion, we see severe irreversable

A

Vision loss

44
Q

A characteristic of central retinal artery occlusion is

A

Ischemic retinal whitening with cherry red spot

45
Q

A result of synchisis and syneresis

A

Posterior Vitreous Detachment (PVD)

46
Q

The liquefaction of the vitreous gel and the formation of liquid-filled vacuoles

A

Synchisis

47
Q

The collapse of the liquefied vitreous away from the retina

A

Syneresis

48
Q

Refers to a group of inherited diseases that cause retinal degeneration

A

Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP)

49
Q

Patients experience a gradual decline in vision as the photoreceptors degenerate

A

RP

50
Q

With RP, rods are initially involved resulting in loss of

A

Night Vision and Peripheral Vision

51
Q

The disorder is progressive and most people are legally blind by 40

A

RP

52
Q

What is the treatment for RP?

A

Gene editing (CRISPR), Gene Therapy, and Artificial Vision

53
Q

Optic nerve swelling secondary to increased pressure in the brain

A

Papilledema

NBB Test 2 (33 decks)

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