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NBB Test 2 > Limbic System 1 > Flashcards

Limbic System 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Constitute a harmonious mechanism which may elaborate the functions of central emotion as well as participate in the emotional expression

A

Hypothalamus, anterior thalamic nuclei, cingulate gyrus, and hippocampus

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2
Q

Cholinergic neurons that project to the entire cortex

A

Nucleus Basalis of Meynert

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3
Q

Play a role in attention, memory, and learning

A

Nucleus Basalis of Meynert

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4
Q

Located Dorsal to the anterior commissure

A

Septal Nuclei

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5
Q

Connects the nucleus basalis of meynert and the septal nuclei

A

Nucleus of the diagonal band

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6
Q

Part of the basal ganglia “limbic loop”

A

Ventral striatum (N. Accumbens)

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7
Q

The anterior nuclei of the thalamus is related to

A

Learning and Memory

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8
Q

The dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus is related to

A

Emotions

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9
Q

What are the 4 main structures of the temporal lobe?

A

Hippocampus, Amygdala, Parahippocampal gyrus, and Uncus

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10
Q

Located anterior to the hippocampus in the temporal lobe

A

Amygdala

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11
Q

Almond shaped and is a corticoid area, where the cortex merges with nuclei

A

Amygdala

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12
Q

The main output of the hippocampus

A

Fornix

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13
Q

Projects to the mammillary bodies, septal nuclei, and anterior thalamic nucleus

A

Fornix

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14
Q

Located postcommissural to mammillary bodies and precommissural to septal nuclei

A

Fornix

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15
Q

Responsible for decision-making, emotional regulation, and complex social interactions

A

Orbitofrontal and medial prefrontal cortex

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16
Q

The orbitofrontal and medial prefrontal cortex are referred to as the

A

Seat of personality

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17
Q

What are the three emotions that are present for 90% of the day?

A

Joy, Love, and Anxiety

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18
Q

Link Sensory Stimuli and Hypothalamic and Brainstem Centers

A

Emotional centers

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19
Q

If sensory stimuli are emotionally salient, emotion systems are activated, and activate centers in the

A

Brainstem’s reticular formation and Hypothalamus

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20
Q

Has circuits for coordination cranial nerve motor output

A

Ponto-medullary reticular formation

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21
Q

The mesencephalic and rostral pontine reticular formation modulates

A

Forebrain activity

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22
Q

The caudal pontine and medullar reticular formation is responsible for premotor coordination of

A

Lower somatic and viseral motor neuron pools

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23
Q

Small lesions in brainstems reticular formation can produce uncontrolled

A

Laughing, crying, and hiccupping

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24
Q

Causes a loss of BOTH upper and lower half of the face for emotional expression

A

Lesion of pathway from forebrain to hypothalamus

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25
IT should be noted that some bilateral lesions of the corticobulbar tract can produce
Uncontrolled laughing
26
Assigns value to stimuli (i.e. good vs. bad)
Amygdala
27
Allows us to choose the appropriate reaction to our conditions
Amygdala
28
Made up of 12 nuclei divided into 3 nuclear groups
Amygdala
29
What are the three nuclear groups?
Medial nuclei, Basolateral nuclei, and Central nuclei
30
Connectto olfactory bulb and cortex
Medial Nuclei
31
Well developed in humans. Receives direct sensory input from the thalamus and sensory cortices. Connects to orbital and prefrontal cortex
Basolateral Nuclei
32
The output nuclei: They project to the hypothalamus and brainstem
Central Nucleus
33
The amygdala receives sensory inputs from the
Thalamus
34
Main projection from limbic system and hypothalamus to brainstem
Medial forebrain bundle
35
The amygdala's connection to the hippocampus enable the
Emotional charging of memories
36
Olfactory inputs to the amygdala are either direct from olfactory tract or indirect from the
Piriform cortex
37
Links sensory information cortex and thalamus to the hypothalamic and brainstem centers
Amygdala
38
The upper connections from the amygdala are responsible for
Behavioral responses and focusing attnetion
39
The Lower connections from the amygdala are responsible for
Visceral and autonomic responses including arousal
40
Conditioned stimulus causes an increase in synaptic strength in the amygdala inputs from -Called synaptic plasticity
Auditor Receptors
41
A patient with bilateral calcification and atrophy of the anterior medial temporal lobes (where the amygdala is) results in the
Inability to recognize the emotional expression of fear
42
This patient can not experience fear and has no
Bad memories
43
Activated particularly when people view faces they deem untrustworthy
Amygdala
44
The orbitofrontal and prefrontal cortex govern which 4 things?
Ethics, moral judgments, behavioral inhibitions, and personality
45
Causes Disinhibited Behavior, Impaired Social Interactions, Emotional Regulation, Flattened affect, Impulsivity, Risk taking, and Emotional Outbursts
Damage to medial prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortex
46
Receives sensory inputs and enables a rapid response to immediate threats
Amygdala
47
Amygdala works with prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortex to regulate emotions and choose
Behavioral Responses
48
When the temporal lobe is removed or damaged and patient experiences loss of emotional responses to sensory stimuli, loss of rage and aggression, and excessive eating
Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
49
Herpes simplex encephalitis, bilateral temporal lobe surgery, and CNS degenerative disorders like Alzhiemer's or Pick's disease can cause
Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
50
People with PTSD have 1. ) Hyperactivation of 2. ) Hypoactivation of
1. ) Amygdala | 2. ) Prefrontal cortex
51
Helps to "extinguish" emotional memories
Prefrontal cortex
52
Learning to obtain positive rewards uses
Limbic structures (i.e. the N. Accumbens)
53
Is just like the basal ganglia motor loop
BG Limbic Loop
54
What is the direct pathway of the BG limbic loop?
Ventral striatum (n. accumbens) to ventral pallidium to mediodorsal nucleus
55
Assigns value to experience: Pleasant vs. aversive
Amygdala
56
Behaviors are influenced by these values (motivation to do things). Then, these are enabled and may become habitual through the
BG Limbic Loop
57
Fire when an experience is rewarding. Which reinforces the direct loop
DA neurons from VTA to n. Accumbens
58
Dopamine from the Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) acts on the
n. accumbens (Ventral striatum)
59
Before learning, reward activates
VTA neurons
60
Once there is conditioned learning, the stimulus activates
VTA neurons
61
If there is no reward, then
VTA is inactive
62
VTA dopamine predicts rewards, this is where we get
Anticipation
63
Most abused drugs affect
Dopamine
64
Abused drugs act by prolonging the action of dopamine in the
N. Accumbens
65
Dopamine may be more involved in response to stimulants, but not
Opiates/cannabinoids
66
A process by which knowledge and experiences are encoded, storedand retrieved
Memory
67
What are the two major types of memory?
Declarative and nondeclarative
68
Can be brought to consciousness and expressed by language
Declarative of "explicit" memory
69
What are the three brain areas involved in declarative (explicit) memory?
Medial Temporal Lobe, Diencephalon, and Cortex
70
Type of memory that is largely unconscious
Nondeclarative ("implicit") memory
71
What are the three brain areas involved in nondeclarative (implicit) memory?
Cerebellum, basal ganglia, and amygdala
72
Ability to register information
Immediate memory
73
How do we test immediate memory?
"Repeat these three objects immediately"
74
Holding information long enough to use for a mental operation
Working (short-term) memory
75
How do we test the working memory?
Digit span test (normal is 7 +/- 2) and digit span backwards test
76
Requires Attention (Brainstem) and Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Working memory
77
Cortical neurons can show changes that can underlie
Short-term memories
78
The results of an experiment in which cortical neurons were activated repeatedly. Shows short-term increases in firing rate, that persist in the case of
Stronger inputs
79
Mechanistically, after-depolarizations may be related to activation of
Voltage-gated Calcium channels
80
Lesions of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex compromises
Working memory
81
Shows activity during working memory tasks
fMRI
82
Remembering what you did 5 minutes ago (minutes-to days)
Recent memory
83
To test we say, "name the objects you saw 5 minutes ago." or "what did you eat for breakfast yesterday?"
Recent memory
84
Which part of the brain is involved in Recent Memory?
Medial temporal cortex/diencephalon
85
Memory of the basic historical facts of our lives and learned knowledge
Long-term (Remote) Memory
86
Tested by asking "who is the president," "what year were you born," "What town do you live in?" etc.
Long-Term (Remote) Memory
87
What parts of the brain are involved in long-term (remote) memory?
Medial temporal and specific cortical regions
88
The long-term memory pathways go through the
Hippocampal formation
89
Forms the fimbria and fornix
Hippocampal formation
90
The circuit for learning and memory formation
Papez circuit
91
In the 1950's was used to control epilepsy
Hippocampal resection
92
Removing the medial temporal lobes bilaterally produces profound
Memory Loss
93
The profound inability to produce new memories -due to removal of medial temporal lobes bilaterally
Anterograde amnesia
94
An inability to retrieve already-established memories
Retrograde amnesia
95
Process of moving memory from recent memory to long-term memory
Memory consolidation
96
Can relate together various regions involved in memory: What? Where? Who?
Hippocampal formation
97
A 3-layered cortex made up of a molecular layer, pyramidal cell, and polymorphic layer
Hippocampus
98
For the hippocampal connections, the entorhinal cortex sends to the
Granule cells
99
The granule cells in the dentate gyrus then send mossy fibers to pyramidal cells in the
Hippocampus CA3
100
These then send schaffer collateral to pyramidal cells in
CA1 (major output of the hippocampal formation)

NBB Test 2 (33 decks)

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