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NBB Test 2 > Limbic System 1 > Flashcards

Limbic System 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Constitute a harmonious mechanism which may elaborate the functions of central emotion as well as participate in the emotional expression

A

Hypothalamus, anterior thalamic nuclei, cingulate gyrus, and hippocampus

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2
Q

Cholinergic neurons that project to the entire cortex

A

Nucleus Basalis of Meynert

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3
Q

Play a role in attention, memory, and learning

A

Nucleus Basalis of Meynert

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4
Q

Located Dorsal to the anterior commissure

A

Septal Nuclei

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5
Q

Connects the nucleus basalis of meynert and the septal nuclei

A

Nucleus of the diagonal band

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6
Q

Part of the basal ganglia “limbic loop”

A

Ventral striatum (N. Accumbens)

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7
Q

The anterior nuclei of the thalamus is related to

A

Learning and Memory

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8
Q

The dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus is related to

A

Emotions

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9
Q

What are the 4 main structures of the temporal lobe?

A

Hippocampus, Amygdala, Parahippocampal gyrus, and Uncus

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10
Q

Located anterior to the hippocampus in the temporal lobe

A

Amygdala

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11
Q

Almond shaped and is a corticoid area, where the cortex merges with nuclei

A

Amygdala

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12
Q

The main output of the hippocampus

A

Fornix

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13
Q

Projects to the mammillary bodies, septal nuclei, and anterior thalamic nucleus

A

Fornix

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14
Q

Located postcommissural to mammillary bodies and precommissural to septal nuclei

A

Fornix

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15
Q

Responsible for decision-making, emotional regulation, and complex social interactions

A

Orbitofrontal and medial prefrontal cortex

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16
Q

The orbitofrontal and medial prefrontal cortex are referred to as the

A

Seat of personality

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17
Q

What are the three emotions that are present for 90% of the day?

A

Joy, Love, and Anxiety

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18
Q

Link Sensory Stimuli and Hypothalamic and Brainstem Centers

A

Emotional centers

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19
Q

If sensory stimuli are emotionally salient, emotion systems are activated, and activate centers in the

A

Brainstem’s reticular formation and Hypothalamus

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20
Q

Has circuits for coordination cranial nerve motor output

A

Ponto-medullary reticular formation

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21
Q

The mesencephalic and rostral pontine reticular formation modulates

A

Forebrain activity

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22
Q

The caudal pontine and medullar reticular formation is responsible for premotor coordination of

A

Lower somatic and viseral motor neuron pools

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23
Q

Small lesions in brainstems reticular formation can produce uncontrolled

A

Laughing, crying, and hiccupping

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24
Q

Causes a loss of BOTH upper and lower half of the face for emotional expression

A

Lesion of pathway from forebrain to hypothalamus

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25
Q

IT should be noted that some bilateral lesions of the corticobulbar tract can produce

A

Uncontrolled laughing

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26
Q

Assigns value to stimuli (i.e. good vs. bad)

A

Amygdala

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27
Q

Allows us to choose the appropriate reaction to our conditions

A

Amygdala

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28
Q

Made up of 12 nuclei divided into 3 nuclear groups

A

Amygdala

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29
Q

What are the three nuclear groups?

A

Medial nuclei, Basolateral nuclei, and Central nuclei

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30
Q

Connectto olfactory bulb and cortex

A

Medial Nuclei

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31
Q

Well developed in humans. Receives direct sensory input from the thalamus and sensory cortices. Connects to orbital and prefrontal cortex

A

Basolateral Nuclei

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32
Q

The output nuclei: They project to the hypothalamus and brainstem

A

Central Nucleus

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33
Q

The amygdala receives sensory inputs from the

A

Thalamus

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34
Q

Main projection from limbic system and hypothalamus to brainstem

A

Medial forebrain bundle

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35
Q

The amygdala’s connection to the hippocampus enable the

A

Emotional charging of memories

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36
Q

Olfactory inputs to the amygdala are either direct from olfactory tract or indirect from the

A

Piriform cortex

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37
Q

Links sensory information cortex and thalamus to the hypothalamic and brainstem centers

A

Amygdala

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38
Q

The upper connections from the amygdala are responsible for

A

Behavioral responses and focusing attnetion

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39
Q

The Lower connections from the amygdala are responsible for

A

Visceral and autonomic responses including arousal

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40
Q

Conditioned stimulus causes an increase in synaptic strength in the amygdala inputs from

-Called synaptic plasticity

A

Auditor Receptors

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41
Q

A patient with bilateral calcification and atrophy of the anterior medial temporal lobes (where the amygdala is) results in the

A

Inability to recognize the emotional expression of fear

42
Q

This patient can not experience fear and has no

A

Bad memories

43
Q

Activated particularly when people view faces they deem untrustworthy

44
Q

The orbitofrontal and prefrontal cortex govern which 4 things?

A

Ethics, moral judgments, behavioral inhibitions, and personality

45
Q

Causes Disinhibited Behavior, Impaired Social Interactions, Emotional Regulation, Flattened affect, Impulsivity, Risk taking, and Emotional Outbursts

A

Damage to medial prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortex

46
Q

Receives sensory inputs and enables a rapid response to immediate threats

47
Q

Amygdala works with prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortex to regulate emotions and choose

A

Behavioral Responses

48
Q

When the temporal lobe is removed or damaged and patient experiences loss of emotional responses to sensory stimuli, loss of rage and aggression, and excessive eating

A

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome

49
Q

Herpes simplex encephalitis, bilateral temporal lobe surgery, and CNS degenerative disorders like Alzhiemer’s or Pick’s disease can cause

A

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome

50
Q

People with PTSD have

  1. ) Hyperactivation of
  2. ) Hypoactivation of
A
  1. ) Amygdala

2. ) Prefrontal cortex

51
Q

Helps to “extinguish” emotional memories

A

Prefrontal cortex

52
Q

Learning to obtain positive rewards uses

A

Limbic structures (i.e. the N. Accumbens)

53
Q

Is just like the basal ganglia motor loop

A

BG Limbic Loop

54
Q

What is the direct pathway of the BG limbic loop?

A

Ventral striatum (n. accumbens) to ventral pallidium to mediodorsal nucleus

55
Q

Assigns value to experience: Pleasant vs. aversive

56
Q

Behaviors are influenced by these values (motivation to do things). Then, these are enabled and may become habitual through the

A

BG Limbic Loop

57
Q

Fire when an experience is rewarding. Which reinforces the direct loop

A

DA neurons from VTA to n. Accumbens

58
Q

Dopamine from the Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) acts on the

A

n. accumbens (Ventral striatum)

59
Q

Before learning, reward activates

A

VTA neurons

60
Q

Once there is conditioned learning, the stimulus activates

A

VTA neurons

61
Q

If there is no reward, then

A

VTA is inactive

62
Q

VTA dopamine predicts rewards, this is where we get

A

Anticipation

63
Q

Most abused drugs affect

64
Q

Abused drugs act by prolonging the action of dopamine in the

A

N. Accumbens

65
Q

Dopamine may be more involved in response to stimulants, but not

A

Opiates/cannabinoids

66
Q

A process by which knowledge and experiences are encoded, storedand retrieved

67
Q

What are the two major types of memory?

A

Declarative and nondeclarative

68
Q

Can be brought to consciousness and expressed by language

A

Declarative of “explicit” memory

69
Q

What are the three brain areas involved in declarative (explicit) memory?

A

Medial Temporal Lobe, Diencephalon, and Cortex

70
Q

Type of memory that is largely unconscious

A

Nondeclarative (“implicit”) memory

71
Q

What are the three brain areas involved in nondeclarative (implicit) memory?

A

Cerebellum, basal ganglia, and amygdala

72
Q

Ability to register information

A

Immediate memory

73
Q

How do we test immediate memory?

A

“Repeat these three objects immediately”

74
Q

Holding information long enough to use for a mental operation

A

Working (short-term) memory

75
Q

How do we test the working memory?

A

Digit span test (normal is 7 +/- 2) and digit span backwards test

76
Q

Requires Attention (Brainstem) and Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

A

Working memory

77
Q

Cortical neurons can show changes that can underlie

A

Short-term memories

78
Q

The results of an experiment in which cortical neurons were activated repeatedly. Shows short-term increases in firing rate, that persist in the case of

A

Stronger inputs

79
Q

Mechanistically, after-depolarizations may be related to activation of

A

Voltage-gated Calcium channels

80
Q

Lesions of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex compromises

A

Working memory

81
Q

Shows activity during working memory tasks

82
Q

Remembering what you did 5 minutes ago (minutes-to days)

A

Recent memory

83
Q

To test we say, “name the objects you saw 5 minutes ago.” or “what did you eat for breakfast yesterday?”

A

Recent memory

84
Q

Which part of the brain is involved in Recent Memory?

A

Medial temporal cortex/diencephalon

85
Q

Memory of the basic historical facts of our lives and learned knowledge

A

Long-term (Remote) Memory

86
Q

Tested by asking “who is the president,” “what year were you born,” “What town do you live in?” etc.

A

Long-Term (Remote) Memory

87
Q

What parts of the brain are involved in long-term (remote) memory?

A

Medial temporal and specific cortical regions

88
Q

The long-term memory pathways go through the

A

Hippocampal formation

89
Q

Forms the fimbria and fornix

A

Hippocampal formation

90
Q

The circuit for learning and memory formation

A

Papez circuit

91
Q

In the 1950’s was used to control epilepsy

A

Hippocampal resection

92
Q

Removing the medial temporal lobes bilaterally produces profound

A

Memory Loss

93
Q

The profound inability to produce new memories

-due to removal of medial temporal lobes bilaterally

A

Anterograde amnesia

94
Q

An inability to retrieve already-established memories

A

Retrograde amnesia

95
Q

Process of moving memory from recent memory to long-term memory

A

Memory consolidation

96
Q

Can relate together various regions involved in memory: What? Where? Who?

A

Hippocampal formation

97
Q

A 3-layered cortex made up of a molecular layer, pyramidal cell, and polymorphic layer

A

Hippocampus

98
Q

For the hippocampal connections, the entorhinal cortex sends to the

A

Granule cells

99
Q

The granule cells in the dentate gyrus then send mossy fibers to pyramidal cells in the

A

Hippocampus CA3

100
Q

These then send schaffer collateral to pyramidal cells in

A

CA1 (major output of the hippocampal formation)

NBB Test 2 (33 decks)

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