Basal Ganglia 2

Question 1

Supportive evidence for a Parkinson’s diagnosis is responsiveness to

Answer 1

Levodopa

Question 2

Cell death in the Substantia Nigra is characteristic of

Answer 2

Parkinson’s Disease

Question 3

The degree of cell death in the substantia nigra corrlates to the

Answer 3

Severity of symptoms

Question 4

Neurons in the SubstantiaNigraof persons with PD contain

Answer 4

Lewy Bodies

Question 5

Spherical masses within the cell body that contain abnormal aggregations of proteins: primarily α-synuclein, a cytosol protein found in many regions of the brain

Answer 5

Lewy Bodies

Question 6

Normally involved in vesicle transport

Answer 6

α-synucleinis

Question 7

What are the effects of dopamine loss on the:

1. ) Direct Pathway
2. ) Indirect Pathway

Answer 7

1. ) Decreases facilitation of direct pathway
2. ) Decrease inhibition of the indirect pathway

BOTH LESSEN MOVEMENT

Question 8

What are three pharmacologic treatments for PD?

Answer 8

Dopamine agonists (L-DOPA), MAO inhibitors, Anticholinergics

Question 9

Precursor for dopamine that crosses the blood brain barrier

Answer 9

L-Dopa

Question 10

Cause a “honeymoon period” at first and then have on-off affects

-Can cause pathological gambling

Answer 10

Pharmaceutical treatments for PD

Question 11

Used for advanced PD, or with L-dopa induced dyskinesia

Answer 11

Deep-brain stimulation

Question 12

Most common surgical approach to PD. Thought to suppress excessive activity. For advanced and drug-resistant PD

Answer 12

Deep Brain Stimulation

Question 13

Stimulated with deep-brain stimulation for the PD symptoms bradykinesia, rigidity, and tremor

Answer 13

GPi or Subthalamic nucleus

Question 14

Stimulated by deep-brain stimulation for the tremor

Answer 14

VL

Question 15

Is both neuroprotective and neurorestorative (after lesions) in PD patients

Answer 15

Exercise

Question 16

Caused by stroke, tumor, infection, and exposure to toxins such as carbon monoxide or manganese

Answer 16

Secondary Parkinsonism

Question 17

Also caused by dopamine-blocking agents such as anti-psychotics agents (anti-DA), and drugs used to treat gastrointestinal problems (metoclopramide and chlorperazine)

Answer 17

Secondary Parkinsonism

Question 18

Other primary neurodegenerative syndromes that share characteristics of PD

Answer 18

Parkinsonism Plus Syndromes

Question 19

Characterized by

1. Lackof resting tremor
2. Symmetrical symptoms 3.Early postural instability
3. Lack of response to dopamine

Answer 19

Parkinsonism Plus Syndromes

Question 20

Studies on Diagnostic Accuracy for PD show the clinical diagnosis is about

Answer 20

80%

Question 21

Most common form of atypical Parkinsonism

Answer 21

Progressive Supranuclear Palsy

Question 22

Neurodegenerative disorder that affects the ROSTRAL midbrain

Answer 22

Progressive Supranuclear Palsy

Question 23

Distinguished from PD by imbalance, and trunk rigidity (vs limb rigidity in PD)

Answer 23

Progressive Supranuclear Palsy

Question 24

Decreased range of vertical eye movement is often the first sign of

Answer 24

Progressive Supranuclear Palsy

Question 25

Characteristic mouse-ears appearance secondary to cell loss in dorsal midbrain

Answer 25

Progressive Supranuclear Palsy

Question 26

Progressive Supranuclear Palsy shows some relief from

-not a strong response

Answer 26

Dopaminergic therapies

Question 27

Loss of striatal neurons and dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta

Answer 27

Nigrostriatal Degeneration

Question 28

Because striatal neurons are lost in Nigrostriatal degeneration, has no effect in treatment

Answer 28

Dopamine

Question 29

Adult onset neurodegenerative syndromes characterized by Parkinsonism

Answer 29

Multiple System Atrophy

Question 30

Nigrostriatal Degeneration is one type of

Answer 30

Multiple System Atrophy

Question 31

Tremor unlikely, but not at rest, irregular and postural.

– Symmetrical onset more likely.
– Limited response to DA

Answer 31

Nigrostriatal degeneration