CNS Response to Injury

Question 1

Occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain

-Can result when the head suddenly and violently hits an object, or when an object pierces the skull and enters brain tissue

Answer 1

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

Question 2

When the brain slides forward and hits the frontal bone then backwards and hits the parietal bone

Answer 2

Coup-Contrecoup

Question 3

Contrecoup contusions are more frequent than coup contusions in

Answer 3

Falls

Question 4

Diffuse axonal injury can be seen histologically with

Answer 4

Beta Amyloid Precursor Protein (BAPP)

Question 5

Associated with inflammation, gliosis & other pathological responses

Answer 5

TBI

Question 6

The injury site is invaded by astrocytes, forming a

Answer 6

Glial Scar

Question 7

A long-term problem of CNS injury is

Answer 7

Inflammation

Question 8

Repeated sports-related head injuries results in concentrations of

Answer 8

Hyper p-tau protein (dark regions)

Question 9

Hyper p-tau protein concentrations cause

Answer 9

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopahty (CTE)

Question 10

Results in regional cerebral atrophy and can cause cavum septum pellucidum

Answer 10

CTE

Question 11

We can see chronic neurodegeneration after a

Answer 11

TBI

Question 12

A rapid blockage of a cerebral artery

Answer 12

Ischemic Stroke

Question 13

Bursting of a vessel

Answer 13

Hemorrhagic stroke

Question 14

Characterized by sudden numbness or weakness, especially on one side of the body

• Sudden confusion or trouble speaking or understanding speech
• Sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes

Answer 14

Stroke

Question 15

Both cause cell death due to lack of oxygen and production excytotoxins and free radicals

Answer 15

CNS stroke and Severe TBI

Question 16

Excessive activation of neuronal glutamate receptors by a group of L-glutamate analogs results in

Answer 16

Neuronal Damage

Question 17

Any chemical possessing unpaired electrons

-In biological system these are oxygen radicals

Answer 17

Free radicals

Question 18

Causes loss of muscle and negative nitrogen balance, decreased gluconeogenesis, osteoporosis, increased hepatic lipogenesis, increased lipolysis in adipose tissue, decreased lipoprotein lipase activity in muscle and adipose tissue, cachexia

Answer 18

Chronic inflammation

Question 19

Anemia of chronic disease, leukocytosis (high white blood cell counts), thrombocytosis (high platelet counts)

Answer 19

Hematopoetic changes in chronic inflammation

Question 20

What do we use to manage the inflammatory response of spinal cord injury?

Answer 20

Methylprednisolone, Erythropoetin, and Minocycline

Question 21

Causes tissue disruption and primary cells death

Answer 21

Spinal Cord Injury (SCI)

Question 22

Injured spinal cords show progressive

Answer 22

Tissue loss

Question 23

With an SCI, central hemorrhage necrosis develops over

Answer 23

2-3 hours

Question 24

With an SCI, white matter blood flow falls by

Answer 24

50% within 3 hours

Question 25

Metabolism is compromised with high lactic acid levels with an

Answer 25

SCI

Question 26

Intracellular calcium activity >1µM activates proteases and phospholipases, breaking down proteins and lipids with an

Answer 26

SCI

Question 27

This calcium then binds to mitochondria and produces

Answer 27

Free radicals

Question 28

After injury, we begin to see neuronal apoptosis in the gray matter surrounding the injury. This peaks at

Answer 28

48 hours

Question 29

We also see oligodendroglial apoptosis after injury in white matter tracts. This peaks

Answer 29

10-14 days after injury

Question 30

We see breakdown of the blood brain barrier and rapid pro-inflammatory cytokine response (<1 h) with

Answer 30

SCI

Question 31

Distal to the SCI lesion, we see

Answer 31

Wallerian degeneration

Question 32

Severed spinal cord axons fail to

Answer 32

Regenerate

Question 33

We get axonal degeneration and loss of myelin where?

Answer 33

Distal to an SCI injury

Question 34

Disrupt axon extension in CNS injury

Answer 34

Inhibitory factors

Question 35

We get a growth cone and axon growth-promotoing signals with

Answer 35

PNS injury

Question 36

Can regenerate

Answer 36

PNS axons

Question 37

Can induce central axons to regenerate

Answer 37

Sciatic nerve grafts

Question 38

May be capable of regenerating given the appropriate environment

Answer 38

Central axons

Question 39

Block regeneration

Answer 39

Glial scars

Question 40

What are 4 exampls of inhibitory factors in the glial scar?

Answer 40

Myelin basic protein, Nogo A, MG, and OMgp

Question 41

Inhibits growth of CNS axons

Answer 41

Nogo

Question 42

Leads to long-distance regeneration and functional recovery in rats treated with anti-antibodies

Answer 42

Deactivation of Nogo A

Question 43

What are three commonly used cell types to attempt to regenerate CNS axons after SCI?

Answer 43

OECs, Schwann cells, Neural Stem calls, and Embryonic stem cells

Question 44

We can use human embryonic stem cells to derive

Answer 44

Oligodendrocyte precursor cells

Question 45

We also can see axon emergence from grafts with human

Answer 45

Neuroprogenitor Cells (NPCs)

Question 46

Can induce central axons to regenerate

Answer 46

Sciatic nerve grafts