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NBB Test 2 > Neuropatology > Flashcards

Neuropatology Flashcards

1
Q

Peripheral nerves can be a common location of complications from

A

DM

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2
Q

The pathologic lesion is thought to arise from

A

Microvascular injury

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3
Q

Common nerve conditions include 3rd nerve palsy, mononeuropathy multiplex, diabetic amyotrophy, and autonomic neuropathy

A

Diabetic Neuropathy

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4
Q

Conseqences include herniation through openings between brain regions including under the falx cerebri, across the tentorium cerebelli, or through the foramen magnum

A

Cerebral Edema

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5
Q

Linear pontine hemorrhages seen almost exclusively in downward herniation through tentorium cerebelli

A

Duret Hemorrhage

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6
Q

When there is no division of the cerebral hemispheres

A

Alobar holoprosencephaly

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7
Q

The problem appears to be in signalling of developmental proteins in the Sonic Hedgehog pathway in the embryonic face/brain region, so that midline structures are malformed, including the normal midline split of the developing cerebrum into two hemispheres

A

Alobar holoprosencephaly

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8
Q

A cephalic disorder in which the single prosencephalic vesicle fails to split into two hemispheres

A

Holoprosencephaly

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9
Q

Manifests with little apparent damage in neuroimaging studies, but lesions can be seen with microscopy techniques post-mortem

A

Mild diffuse axonal injury

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10
Q

Virtually always the result of a trauma that causes a tear in the middle meningeal artery

A

Epidural Hematoma

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11
Q

Dural vessels—especially the middle meningeal artery— are vulnerable to

A

Epidural hematoma

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12
Q

Patients may be lucid for several hours before symptoms develop

A

Epidural hematoma

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13
Q

Manifest within 48 hours with localizing or (more often) non-localizing symptoms

A

Subdural hematoma

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14
Q

Pyramidal cells of the hippocampus and Purkinje cells of the cerebellum are the most susceptibel neurons for infarcts from

A

Global Ischemia/Hypoxia

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15
Q

Wedge-shaped infarcts in regions perfused by most distal portions of arteries

-Usually seen after hypotensive episodes

A

Watershed (Borderzone) Infarcts

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16
Q

From cerebral arterial occlusion. Less damaging in areas of collateral circulation

A

Infarcts from cerebral ischemia

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17
Q

Can be ischemic (bland, white, common; thrombolytic therapy possible), hemorrhagic (less common; thrombolytic therapy counterindicated), or “transformed” into hemorrhagic (unclear incidence)

A

Infarcts

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18
Q

Hemorrhages involving the basal ganglia area (the putamen in particular) tend to be non-traumatic and caused by

A

Hypertension

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19
Q

Causes hyaline arteriolar sclerosis of the deep penetrating arteries/arterioles supplying the basal ganglia, hemispheric white matter, and brain stem

A

Hypertension

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20
Q

Small (a few millimeters) cavity infarct in the deep gray matter (basal ganglia and thalamus), internal capsule, deep white matter, and pons

A

Lacunar Infarct

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21
Q

Due to occlusion of a small deep penetrating artery as a consequence of aging, hypertension, smoking, and diabetes mellitus

A

Lacunar Infarct

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22
Q

A ruptured berry aneurysm with subarachnoid hemorrhage leads to sudden onset of an excruciating

A

Headache

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23
Q

90% occur in the anterior circulation near major branch points

A

Saccular Aneurysms

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24
Q

1/3 of cases of ruptured saccular aneurysms come from an acute increase in

A

Intracranial Pressure

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25
Q

What 4 things does the CSF show for acute bacterial meningitis?

A
  1. ) Increased opening pressure
  2. ) Abundant Neutrophils
  3. ) Elevated Protein
  4. ) Reduced Glucose
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26
Q

Granulation tissue that becomes dense fibrosis over time

A

Wall of brain abscess

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27
Q

Almost always from bacterial infection

-Hematogenous spread, often from heart, lungs, distal bone, tooth extraction

A

Brain Abscess

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28
Q

What are the three characteristics of CSF in a brain abscess case?

A
  1. ) Increased white cells
  2. ) Increased Protein
  3. ) Glucose is normal
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29
Q

Most common in children and young adults, with alterations in mood, memory, and behavior

A

HSV-encephalitis

30
Q

Thought to be due to retrograde transmission from a peripheral to a central location along a cranial nerve

A

HSV-Encephalitis

31
Q

An umbrella term for different neurological disorders associated with HIV infection and AIDS, including mild to severe dementia

A

HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder (HAND)

32
Q

Activation of macrophages and microglia is a characteristic of

A

HIV

33
Q

Characteristic pathologic feature is the microglial nodule with the macrophage-derived multinucleate giant cell

A

HIV encephalitis

34
Q

The virus travels along peripheral nerves at the wound site to the central nervous system

-So incubation period depends on the distance of the wound from the brain

A

Rabies (w/ Negri Body)

35
Q

Manifests with nonspecific headache, malaise and fever

A

Rabies

36
Q

Then shows extraordinary CNS excitability including HYDROPHOBIA

A

Rabies

37
Q

The vacuoles in CJD represent swollen dendrites that are generally close to neuronal cell bodies, and this is the site of much of the abnormal

A

Prion Protein

38
Q

A sporadic (85% of cases), transmissible, or hereditary disease with rapidly progressive dementia

-Death in 7 Months

A

CJD

39
Q

CJD is “Spongiform” because the cerebral cortex and deep gray matter become riddled with microscopic

A

Vacuoles

40
Q

A very large indicator of MS is CSF presence of

A

IgG antibodies

41
Q

An autoimmune demyelinating disease with multiple neurologic deficits at different times due to white matter lesions spatially distinct

A

MS

42
Q

Usually relapsing and remitting episodes of neurologic impairment

-Subset of patients steadily deteriorate

A

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

43
Q

Primarily a white matter disease with multiple plaques, though axons may be numerically reduced

-Probable central role for CD4+ T-cells

A

MS

44
Q

The characteristic microscopic findings of Alzheimer’s disease are neuritic plaques and

A

Neurofibrillary Tangles

45
Q

Neuritic plaques are formed from a central core of neurotoxic extracellular

A

AB protein

46
Q

One of the neurodegenerative diseases characterized by degeneration of neurons related by function rather than by location in the brain

A

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)

47
Q

Cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) yields beta amyloid (Ab), which accumulates and injures neurons in

A

AD

48
Q

An additional risk factor for AD is an apoprotein called

A

ApoE4

49
Q

A syndrome with diminished facial expression, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movement, festinating gait, rigidity, and a “pill-rolling” tremor

A

Parkinsons Disease

50
Q

Due to damage to the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system

A

Parkinson’s disease

51
Q

Parkinson’s has characteristic neuronal inclusions of a-synuclein called

A

Lewy Bodies

52
Q

At autopsy the brain shows pallor of the substantia nigra and the locus ceruleus

A

Parkinson’s

53
Q

The pallor is due to loss of the pigmented

A

Catelcholaminergic neurons

54
Q

Symptomatic treatment with L-DOPA therapy does not

A

Halt disease progression of PD

55
Q

A neurodegenerative disease with loss of both lower motor neurons and upper motor neurons

A

ALS

56
Q

Characterized by muscle denervation and atrophy, weakness, and fasciculations

A

LMN loss in ALS

57
Q

Characterized by paresis, hyperreflexia, and spasticity and degeneration of the corticospinal tracts

A

UMN loss in ALS

58
Q

Usually begins in the 5th decade with subtle asymmetric distal extremity weakness

A

ALS

59
Q

A syndrome with abrupt onset of confusion, abnormal eye movements, and ataxia

A

Wernicke-Korsakoff

60
Q

Pathologically there are foci of hemorrhage and necrosis in the mammillary bodies and adjacent to the ventricles

A

Wernicke-Korsakoff

61
Q

High grade with dense cellularity and much nuclear pleomorphism and mitoses

A

Anaplastic Astrocytoma

62
Q

Same histologic appearance as an anaplastic astrocytoma plus necrosis and vascular proliferation

A

Glioblastoma

63
Q

Viable cells often form “pseudo-palisades” around vessels (radially-oriented rows of nuclei)

A

Glioblastoma

64
Q

A mostly benign, well-defined, dura-based mass that may compress the subjacent brain

A

Meningioma

65
Q

Most separate easily from underlying brain, but some are infiltrative

-Arise from arachnoid meningothelial cells

A

Meningioma

66
Q

Mostly carcinomas—account for ¼-½ of intracranial tumors

-80% from primaries in lung, breast, skin (melanoma), kidney, and GI tract

A

Brain Metastasis

67
Q

Form well-delineated masses, frequently at the grey-white junction, and often produce edema

A

Brain Metastasis

68
Q

Benign, encapsulated peripheral nerve tumor arising from Schwann cells

A

Schwannoma

69
Q

Appears as a circumscribed mass abutting an adjacent nerve, usually without involvement of axons

A

Scwannoma

70
Q

May affect the vestibular portion of the 8th cranial nerve leading to hearing loss

A

Schwannoma

71
Q

Mostly sporadic but 10% are associated with familial neurofibromatosis type 2

A

Schwannoma

NBB Test 2 (33 decks)

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