The Circulatory And Respiratory Systems🫀 Flashcards
What are the three phrases within the cardiac cycle?
- Atrial systole (contraction phrase-in atrium)
- Atrioventricular systole (contraction phrase -in atrium and ventricles)
- Diastole (relax phrase) - allow blood to fill in chambers
What is the structure and function of red blood cells (erythrocytes)
- Structure- the have a biconcave shape (flattered disc shape) to maximise their surface area, small and flexible
- Function- carry waste gases or carbon dioxide, contains a protein called haemoglobin- combines with oxygen
What is the structure and function of white blood cells?
- Structure- granular cytoplasm, a large nucleus and as lobed nucleus
- Function- defend against disease. Consist of B lymphocytes responsible for making antibodies and T lymphocytes which initiate the immune response
What is the structure and function of platelets?
- Structure- fragments from of cells with proteins attached to their surface; these allow them to stick together during clotting
- Function- make up the rest of the blood. These cells help your body repair by stopping bleeding after illness or injury
What is the structure and function of plasma?
- Structure- a clear pale straw coloured liquid which makes up the component of blood
- Function- is a liquid part of the blood and is involved with material transport such as hormones, carbon dioxide and waste. Plasma makes up just over half of the volume of blood (55%)
What are the stages of air flow within the mammalian respiratory system?
- Atmosphere
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Alveoli
- Blood
- cells
- Blood
- Alveoli
- Bronchioles
- Bronchi
- Trachea
- Atmosphere
What are the stages within the avian respiratory system?
- Inhalation: air passes through the larynx, trachea and into the posterior air sacs
2.exhalation: air moves from the posterior air sacs to the lungs via the ventrobronchi and dorsalbronchi - Inhalation: air moves from lungs to cranial air sacs
- Exhalation: air moves from the cranial air sacs through the syrinx, trachea and out of the nares
What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?
- Glucose+O2➡️CO2+H20+ATP
(Glucose+oxygen➡️Carbon dioxide+water+energy)
What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration?
- Glucose➡️Latic acid+ ATP
(ATP=energy)
What is oxyhaemoglobin?
- Is the oxygenated form of haemoglobin
What is oxymoglobin
- Is the oxygenated form of myoglobin
What does affinity mean?
- The degree to which a substance tends to combine with another
What is the Bohr effect?
- The greater the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) the more readily haemoglobin releases oxygen (O2)
What is the pathway of the electrical signals in the heartbeat?
- Sinoatrial Node
- Atrioventricular Node
- Bundle of His
- Purkinje Fibres
What happens within vasoconstriction?
- Blood vessels constrict
What happens within vasodilation?
- Blood vessels dilate
What is the structure and function of leukocytes?
- Structure: Are white blood cells, lymphocytes are types of leukocytes
- Function: Their role is to defend against disease
What is the structure and function of B lymphocytes?
- Structure: B lymphocyte has a plasma membrane
- Function: produces antibodies
What is the function of T lymphocytes?
- Function: Targets and destroys cells that cause infections
What is the function of monocytes?
- Function: These are present when the body fights of chronic infections
What are the two types of granulocytes?
- Eosinophil (responding to infections parasites cause)
- Neutrophil (destroy bacteria and fungi)
What is the structure and function of red blood cells?
1.Structure: Contain a protein called haemoglobin that contains iron which combines white oxygen- gives red colour, do not contain a nucleus- carry more haemoglobin
2. Function: Responsible for delivering oxygen around the body
What are the three layers of the heart?
- Pericardium (protective outer layer)
- Endocardium (smooth inner lining)
- Myocardium (specialised muscle)
What are the six types of leukocytes (white blood cells)?
- B lymphocytes
- T lymphocytes
- Monocytes
- Eosinophil
- Basophil
6.Neutrophil
What is the structure and function of arteries?
- Structure: thick elastic tissue wall
- Function: carry oxygenated blood at a high pressure
What is the veins function
- Carry deoxygenated blood at lower pressure, vales stop back flow
What is the structure and function of capillaries?
Structure: thin walls
Function: exchange compounds
What makes up blood?
- Water
- Lymphocytes (B cells & T cells)
- Erythrocytes
- Leukocytes
- Plasma
- Platelets
What is the structure and function of platelets?
- Structure: Fragments of cells with proteins attached to the surface, they stick together during clotting
- Function: make up the rest of the blood, they protect the body by clotting to prevent bleeding and infection
What is the structure and function of plasma?
- Structure: A clear, pale straw coloured liquid that makes up the fluid portion of blood
- Function: It aids with material transport of hormones, carbon dioxide and waste
State the stages of the cardiac cycle
- Blood drains from the pulmonary vein into the left atrium
- The blood pressure rises in the left atrium and forced the bicuspid valve to open
- Contraction of the left atrial (left atrial systole) forces blood through the valve
- The left ventricular muscles start to contract- this is called ventricular systole
- The forces the bicuspid valve to close and opens the semilunar valve. Blood then leaves the left ventricle along the aorta
State how the heart beat is formed
- Muscle cells (myocytes) in the heart have a slight electrical charge across their membrane. They are polarized
- When the charge is reversed, they are depolarized this causes contraction
- Depolarization is initiated in a region of the heart called the sinotrial node (SAN) - also known as the pacemaker (in the wall of the right atrium)
What are baroreceptors?
- Stretch receptors located in the heart
- They detect changes in the pressure of blood filling the atria and send signals to the CNS.
- Vasodilation occurs and reduces blood pressure
How do electrical signals control the heartbeat?
1.Sinoatrial node - the ‘pacemaker’ (controls the rhythm and rate of the heart) this causes an impulse to travel through the atria and trigger them to contract - blood is forced into ventricles
2. Atrioventricular node (detects the impulse travelling through the atria) redirects the impulse to the bundle of HIS. A delay is caused by this ensures that the ventricles contract after the atria
3.Bundle of his (group of fibres in the septum) these carry the impulse to the base of the ventricles
4. Purkinje fibres (found in the walls of the ventricles and acts as neurons) they recieve an impulse from the bundle of HIS and cause the ventricles to contract
What are the functions of the lymphatic system?
- Returns interstitial fluid from tissues to the circulatory system
- Pass excess proteins back into the blood steam
- Filters lymph to remove waste and toxic materials
- Produces and transports antibodies and lymphocytes
- Transports and digests fats and fat soluble vitamins from the intestine to the other sites in the body for storage
What is the structure of lymph vessels?
- Acts like veins and capillaries to transport lymph
What is the function of lymph nodes?
- Filter lymph to remove toxins, waste and pathogens
What is the structure of lymph organs?
- The spleen and thymus are connected directly to the lymphatic system
What is the structure and function of the thymus?
- Structure: located in the front of the heart; where T -cells mature and destroy infected virus- infected cells
- Function: instructs the body to release other cells to fight infection
What is the structure of tonsils?
- Lymphoid tissue at the junction of the pharynx and oral cavity
- First line of defence against microorganisms
Structure of the bone marrow
- All blood cells originate (haematopoesis) in the bone marrow
What is the function of Helper T cells?
- Identify foreign bodies or materials that trigger tho immune response
What is the function of Killer T cells?
- Find and destroy infected cells
What is the structure of the spleen
- Left hand side of the cranial abdomen
- Enclosed by a capsule
- Contains a pulp;
•red = filters blood, destroys red blood cells
•white= produces lymphocytes, destroys bacteria - Fibrous strands create ‘mesh’ inside
What is the functions of the spleen?
- Producing white blood cells (lymphocytes)
2.controls erythrocyte levels (destroys red blood cells) - Storing blood (red blood cell and platelet reservoir)
- Where B cells mature (secrete antibodies)
- Filtering blood and removing particles and bacteria
- One type of lymphoid tissue and red blood cells can flow through
What is respiration?
- The gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment
What is the structure and function of haemoglobin?
- Structure: protein found in red blood cells
- Function: carries four oxygen molecules, transport oxygen around the body, removes carbon dioxide (waste product)
What is the structure and function of myoglobin
- Structure: protein found in muscle cells
- Function: carries one oxygen molecule, acts as an oxygen store, an oxygen and iron binding protein (releases oxygen to muscle cells when oxygen concentration is low)
What happens within foetal haemoglobin
- A foetus cannot use its lungs, so it diffuses oxygen and carbon dioxide via diffusion with its mother’s blood
What is high affinity
- When oxygen can bind easily to haemoglobin and struggles to be released
What is low affinity
- Oxygen struggles to bind haemoglobin but can be easily be released
Give one function of the mitral valve
- Opens to increase blood pressure
- Prevents backflow
State the function of killer T-cells
- Finds and destroys infected cells
State the function of Helper T-cells
- Identifies foreign cells/ trigger the immune response
State two structures of the lymphatic system
- Lymphatic vessels
- Lymph nodes
Explain the roles of the lymphatic system in the immune response
- First line of defence against disease
- Vessels and nodes transport and filter lymph fluid - containing antibodies and lymphocytes (good) and bacteria (bad)
- Transports blood cells to and from lymph nodes into the bones. - supports the immune swelling as a response to damage/histamine
Give two advantages of a double circulatory system in mammals
- Greater flow of blood to tissues
- Allows a large surface area in lungs
Describe the differences between foetal haemoglobin and adult haemoglobin
- Foetal haemoglobin has a greater affinity for oxygen which means the foetus can use maternal oxygen
- Foetus has better access to oxygen from mother’s bloodstream
Name the largest artery in the heart
- Aorta
State three advantages of a double circulatory system
- Greater blood flow to tissues
- Efficient gaseous exchange in lungs
- Blood is pumped twice
State two functions of the lymphatic system
- Contains filters lymph - to remove toxic materials
- Produces/transports antibodies as part of the immune system
State two symptoms of von willebrand disease in dogs
- Nose bleeding
- Lack of blood clotting/difficulty healing wounds
Explain one way the structure of a red blood cell is related to its function
- No nucleus- to carry more haemoglobin
Give the role of the sinoatrial node in the heart
Pacemaker- send out electrical impulses
Describe the effects of mitral valve disease (MVD)
- Heart failure
- Heart murmur
- Blood flows back into the atrium
- Coughing/short of breath
What is known as the ‘natural pacemaker’, setting heart rate and rhythm?
- The sinoatrial node
Where do T-cells mature?
- In the thymus
What cells produce antibodies?
- B-cells
Explain why Cavalier King Charles Spaniels receive cardiac ultrasounds for mitral valve disease before they enter a breeding programme
- To prevent dogs from being bred
- To Prevent the disease from being passed on
Explain how electrical signals control the heart beat
- Electrical signals trigger the muscles of the heart to contact and relax
- The sinoatrial node-the ‘pacemaker’ controls the rhythm and the rate of the heart- causes an impulse to travel through the atria and trigger them to contract , blood is then forced into the ventricles
- Atrioventricular node- detects the impulse travelling through the atria - redirects the impulse to the bundle of His. A delay caused by this ensures the ventricles contract after the atria
- Bundle of his (group of fibres in the septum - these carry the impulse to the base of the ventricles)
- Purkinje fibres- (found in the walls of the ventricles and acts as neurons- they receive an impulse from the bundle of His and cause the ventricles to contract)
Discuss the structure and functions of blood
- Transportation of nutrients e.g glucose
- Controls PH
- Removes toxins from the body, which help maintain a balance of electrolytes in the blood and tissues of the body
- Regulation of body fluids electrolytes, which help maintain body temperature
- Erythrocytes (red blood cells) contain haemoglobin and transport oxygen
- Leukocytes (white blood cells) major part in the immune system
- Thrombocytes (platelets) many granules but no nucleus to facilitate blood clotting
Discuss the structure and function of blood
Function: transportation of nutrients, controls PH, Removes toxins from the body, regulation of body fluid
Structure: Erythrocytes (red blood cells) contain haemoglobin and transports oxygen
Leukocytes: (white blood cells) major part of the immune response
Thrombocytes: (platelets) many granules but no nucleus to facilitate blood clotting
What cells produces antibodies
- B- Cells
Explain how electrical signals control the heartbeat
- SAN- atria contract ⬇️
- AVN- detects impulse cause delay ⤵️
- Bundle of His- In the septum, takes
- impulse to bottom (wall of Ventricles) ⬇️
- Purkinje Fibres- acts as neurons cause ventricles to contract
What are the valves in the heart
Too =Tricuspid Valve
Proud = Pulmonary Valve
My= Mitral /Bicuspid Valve
Ass= Aortic Valve
What are the three phases for a heartbeat to form?
- Atrial systole (contraction in atrium)
- Atrioventricular systole (contraction in atrium and ventricles)
- Diastole (relaxation phrase)
What is the function of lymph vessels?
- Acts like veins and capillaries to transport lymph
What is the function of lymph nodes?
- Filter lymph to remove toxins, waste and pathogens
What is the function of lymph organs?
- The spleen and thymus are connected directly to the lymphatic system
What is the function of the thymus?
- Located in front of the heart, where T-cells mature and destroy virus-infected cells, can instruct the body to release other cells to fight infection
What is the function of tonsils?
- Lymphoid tissue at the junction of the pharynx and oral cavity, first line of defence against microorganisms
What is the function of bone marrow?
- All blood cells originate (haematoposis) in the bone marrow
What is the structure of the spleen
- Left hand side of the cranial abdomen
- Enclosed by a capsule
- Contains a pulp
- Red=filters blood, destroys red blood cells
- White=produces lymphocytes, destroys bacteria
- Fibrous strands create a “mesh” inside
What is the structure of plasma?
- The fluid component of blood plasma
- Pale straw coloured liquid
What is the functions of plasma?
- Comprises 55% of blood transport of molecules including hormones , CO2 and other waste products
What is the structure of Eythrocytes
- Binocave shape
- Small and flexible
- No nucleus
What is the function of Eythrocytes?
- Red blood cells contain a protein called haemoglobin which transports O2 and removes CO2 from the blood
What is the structure of platelets?
- Cell fragments with proteins attached to cell surface
What is the function of platelets?
- Aid the body in repairing after injury e.g blood clotting at a wound
What is the structure of leukocytes?
- Various structures exist for each type of leukocyte including granular cytoplasm, a large nucleus and a lobed nucleus
What is the function of leukocytes?
- White blood cells defend the body against disease
- B-cells: responsible for antibody production
- T-cells: Initiate immune response
Explain diffusion in the lungs
- Gases move from a higher concentration to a low concentration
- Oxygen- is at a higher concentration in the alveoli so diffuses into the bloodstream
- Carbon dioxide- is at a higher concentration in the bloodstream so diffuses into the alveoli
Explain two adaptations of the avian respiratory system
- Nares instead of nostrils
- No diaphragm as pressure changes more through air sacs
- Air sacs which extend into bone for respiratory and to reduce weight
Describe the role of the diaphram
- Diaphragm contracts, pulls down increasing chest volume/ decreasing pressure- breathing in
- Diaphragm relaxes, pushed up/decreasing chest volume/increasing pressure- breathing out
Describe how respiratory rate and volume are controlled
- Raised temperature stimulates respiratory rate
- Signals from the brain stimulate contraction in the diaphragm/ intercostal muscles
- Increase lactic acid/oxygen dept/anaerobic respiration increases rate of ventilation
- Muscle/joint receptors feedback to respiratory centre
What are the three phases of the heartbeat?
- Atrial systole (contraction phrase)
- Ventricular systole (contraction phrase)
- Diastole (Relaxation phrase)
