Respiratory System🫁 Flashcards
What is the role of the diaphragm?
- Diaphram contracts/ pulls down increasing the chest volume, decreasing pressure, breathing in
- Diaphram relaxes pushes up, decreasing chest volume, increasing pressure breathing out
When dogs exercise, their respiration rate and volume increases. Describe how respiratory rate and volume are controlled
- As carbon dioxide levels (increase/decreases/Bohr effect), this increases/decreases respiratory rate
- Signals from the brain, stimulate contraction in the diaphram , intercostal muscles
- Raised temperature stimulates respiratory rate
- Muscle/joint receptors feedback to respiratory centre
- Receptors in lung walls control tidal volume
- Increased lactic acid/ oxygen dept/ anaerobic respiration
State which organelle is the site for ATP production
- Mitochondria
Give three structures involved in inhalation and exhalation in mammals
- Mouth
- Nose
- Lungs
Where does gas exchange take place?
- Alveoli
Explain two adaptations of the avian respiratory system
- Nares instead of nostrils
- Air sacs which extend into bones for respiration and to reduce weight
Explain the four stages of avian respiration
- Birds use two respiratory cycles instead of one
- Inhalation 1- passes through the larynx, trachea and into the posterior air sacs
- Exhalation 1- air moves into the lungs via ventrobronchi and dorsal bronchi
- Inhalation 2- air moves from the lungs into the cranial air sacs
- Exhalation 2- Air moves through the syrinx, trachea and out of the nares
What features of the alveoli improve efficiency of gaseous exchange?
- Very thin, with large surface
What two main gases exchanged between the circulatory and respiratory systems?
- Oxygen
- Carbon dioxide
Explain diffusion in the lungs
- Gases move from a high concentration to a low concentration
- Oxygen- is at a high concentration in the aveloi so it diffuses into the bloodstream
- Carbon dioxide- is at a high concentration in the bloodstream so it diffuses into the aveoli
Explain how cells, circulatory and respiratory systems work together to adapt to change in energy requirement
- More energy used=more celluar
- Cells require more oxygen and glucose
- Mitochondria make ATP for more energy
- Mitochondria require more oxygen and glucose for aerobic respiration
- Carbon dioxide removed from tissues by blood
- Build- up of carbon dioxide would cause blood to be acidic/cause damage
- Blood carries oxygen and glucose around the body, respiring tissues
- Heart needs to be pumped faster to reach respiring tissues
- Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged around the lungs
- Increase in respiratory rate to exchange more oxygen and carbon dioxide faster
Discuss anaerobic respiration
- Anaerobic respiration does not use oxygen to produce energy
- An animal’s respiratory system adapts to short-term anaerobic respiration when there is insufficient oxygen from the heart and lungs for anaerobic respiration in muscles
- Less energy released from anaerobic respiration
- The breakdown of glucose is incomplete during anaerobic respiration
- Lactic acid is formed during anaerobic respiration, it is poisonous and stops muscles working if it builds up
- An oxygen debt is created when there is not enough oxygen needed to oxidise lactic acide, to carbon dioxide and water
- The animal’s breathing is increases to allow sufficient oxygen to breakdown the lactic acide formed from short term anaerobic respiration
What happens when during inhalation?
- Diaphram contacts/pulls down
- Increasing chest volume
- Increasing pressure/breathing in
What happens during exhalation?
- Diaphram relaxes/pushes up
- Decreasing chest volume
- Decreasing pressure/breathing out
What happens to the diaphram when inhalation occurs?
- The diaphram contracts, it moves down and air rushes in
