Nervous System🧠 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the different sense receptors?
A
- Auditory
- Somatosensory
- Olfactory
- Gustatory
- Visual
2
Q
What are the different types of receptors?
A
- Chemoreceptors
- Thermoreceptors
- Mechanoreceptors
- Photoreceptors
3
Q
What are the three types of neurons?
A
- Sensory neuron- responsible for transmitting impulses from sensory organs to the central nervous system (CNS)
- Motor neuron - send impulses from the CNS to specific muscles or organs
- Interneuron - transmit impulses between sensory and motor neurons within the brain or spinal cord
4
Q
What is the structure and function of the eyelid?
A
1.structure- fold of skin which covers the eye
2. Function- cleaning and protecting the eye
5
Q
What is the structure and function of the cornea?
A
- Structure- transparent covering on the eye
- Function- protecting the eye; helping converge (bend and join) light rays that enter the eye
6
Q
What is the structure and function of the sclera?
A
- Structure- white part of the eye made of tough collagen fibres
- Function- providing protection and support
7
Q
What is the structure and function of the retina?
A
- Structure- layer of light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) at the back of the eye
- Function- detecting light rays that are focused by cornea and lens
8
Q
What is the structure and function of the choroid?
A
- Structure- layer of blood vessels with a black pigment
- Function- nourishing the eye and absorbing light
9
Q
What is the structure and function of the iris?
A
- Structure- ring of muscles around the pupil, coloured which provides eye colour
- Function- controlling the amount of light entering the eye
10
Q
What do the structure and function of the lens?
A
Structure- transparent, flexible and can change shape due to cilliary muscles
2. Function- focusing the light onto the retina and focusing on objects
11
Q
What is the structure and function of the ciliary body?
A
1.Structure - attached to the underside of the lens
2. Function- producing aqueous humour and helping with focusing by altering the shape of the lens
12
Q
What is the structure and function of the aqueous humour?
A
1.structure- Found behind the lens
2. Function- helping to keep the rounded shape; providing nutrients to the cornea and lens
13
Q
What is the structure and function of the lateral rectus muscles?
A
- Structure- found on the lateral side of the eye
- Function- helping orientate the pupil away from the body
14
Q
What is the structure and function of the medial rectus muscle?
A
- Structure- found on the medial side of the eye
- Function- helping orientate the pupil away from the centre of the body
15
Q
What is the structure and function of the fovea?
A
- Structure- spot located in the macula, which has a high density of cone cells
- Function- giving sharp central vision; light is focused onto this spot by the lens
16
Q
What is the structure and function of the optic disc?
A
- Structure- blind spot where there are no photoreceptors
- Function- where the optic nerves leave the eye
17
Q
What is the structure and function of the optic nerve?
A
- Structure- bundle of fibres
- Function- relaying information from the retina and fovea to the brain
18
Q
What are the two divisions within the autonomic nervous system?
A
- Parasympathetic (rest and digest)
- Sympathetic (flight or fight)
19
Q
What happens within parasympathetic?
A
Eyes- constrict pupil
Salivary glands - stimulates salivation
Heart- slows heartbeat
Lungs- constrict bronchi
Stomach- stimulates digestion
Liver- stimulates bile release
Intestines- stimulates peristalsis and secretion
Bladder- contracts bladder
20
Q
What happens within sympathetic
A
Eyes- dilate pupil
Salivary glands- inhibits salvation
Heart- accelerates heartbeat
Lungs- dilate bronchi
Stomach- inhibits digestion
Liver- stimulates glucose release
Kidneys- stimulates epinephrine and norepinephrine release
Intestines- inhibit peristalsis and secretion
Bladder- relaxes bladder
21
Q
What is the different between rods and cones?
A
- Rods contain rhodopsin which cannot detect colour
- Cones contain iodopsin which detects colour
22
Q
What is the structure and function of the nervous system?
A
- Structure;
•surrounded by shock-absorbing cerebrospinal fluid (CFS)
•Brain
•spinal cord- long bundles of nerves that branch out between each vertebrae connecting to PNS
Function- controls most of the functions and responses in the body
•Receive (stimuli from external and internal environments)
•Analyse (interpret the stimuli and information)
•Respond (bring about the necessary response)
23
Q
What is the structure and function of the peripheral nervous system?
A
Structure; nerves that connect the spinal cord to the rest of the body, made up of sensory and motor neurons
Function; parts of the PNS form the somatic nervous system which detects and responds to external stimuli, when receptors are triggered, a message is sent to CNS
24
Q
What two receptor cells (photoreceptors) are within the layers of the retina?
A
- Rods
- Cones
25
What is the role of a reflex arc?
1. A reflex arc is a neural pathway that controls a reflex
2. Allows for faster reflex actions - activating spinal motor neurons
3. Control involuntary reflexes (do not require the brain)
4. Quicker response rate- protecting ourselves from harms stimuli
26
What is the function of a dendrite?
1. Receive communications from other neural cells through their tree-like projections
27
What is the function of the cell body/soma?
1.Encapsulates the nucleus
28
What is the function of the nucleus?
1. Contains genetic information that controls the neuron
29
What is the function of the myelin sheath
1. Outer coating of the axon, protects and maintains health of the axon. Acts like an electrical insulator.
30
What is the function of node ranvier?
1. Allow impulses to jump by a process called ‘saltatory conduction’- this means that impulses can jump through gaps in the axon and speed up responses.
31
What is the function of schwann cells
1. Helps form the myelin sheath and speeds up transmission of nerve impulses
32
What is the function of axon terminals
1. Connects the neuron to target cells, such as effector and nerve cells
33
What is the function of gilial cells?
1. Provide protection and support to nerve cells
2. Surround and are in direct contact with neurons
34
What is a synapse?
1.The junction between two neurons
35
What are the names of the two divisions within the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
1. Sympathetic
2. Parasympathetic
36
What is the function of sympathetic (fight or flight)?
1. Prepares the body for physical activity
2. Inhibits all ‘normal’ body functions
3. Noradrenaline (NA) - neurotransmitter
37
What is the function of parasympathetic (rest and digest)?
1. Restores ‘normal’ body functions
2. Acetylcholine (Ach) - neurotransmitter
38
What is the role of tapetum lucidum?
1. Bounces light back
2. Improving night vision in nocturnal animals
39
Name the two proteins rhodopsin is broken down into
1. Opsin
2. Retinal
40
Explain one function of the retina
1. Absorbs light
2. Sends messages to the optic nerve
41
Explain two ways that the nervous system controls the action of the eye to enable effective sight
1. Controls the contraction/dialation of the pupil - to adapt to different light levels
2. Changes shape of the lens - to focus image onto the retina
42
Explain one advantage of eye positioning in sheep
1. Eyes on side of the head- to give wide angle of vision (peripheral vision)
43
Give one function of the iris
1. Controls the how much light enter the eye
44
Give one function of the lens
1. Focuses light
45
Give one function of the retina
1. Absorbs light
46
Give one function of the cornea
1. Protection
47
Describe the role of tapetum lucidum
1. A reflective layer that bounces light back - improving night vision in nocturnal animals
48
Explain the structure of tapetum lucidum helps its function
1. The tapetum lucidum is a layer at the back of the eye - reflects light -providing better light absorption
49
Name the two parts of the central nervous system
1. Brain
2. Spinal cord
50
Explain two functions of the parasympathetic nervous system
1. Slows heartbeat
2. Constricts pupil
51
Describe how a nerve impulse is transmitted between neurons
1. At the axon terminal
2. Vessels fuse
3. Release of neurotransmitter
4. Synapse
5. To stimulate action potential / electrical impulse
52
State two symptoms of listeriosis in ruminants
1. Lack of coordination
2. Facial paralysis
53
Explain two adaptations that help animals see in the dark
1. Tapetum lucidum- to reflect light back to photoreceptors
2. Big eyes/large pupils - to see more clearly
54
Provide the function of the iris
1. Controls the amount of light entering the eye
55
Provide the function of the lens
1. Focuses/refracts light
56
Provide the function of the fovea
1. Provides sharp, central vision
57
Provide the function of the sclera
1. Provides strenth, structure and protection
58
Describe how sense organs cause a response to stimuli
1. Receptors detect stimuli
2. Send impulses to CNS
3. CNS processes messages
4. Messages sent to effector
59
Give two functions of the sympathetic nervous system
1. Dialates pupil
2. Inhibits salvation
60
What happens to the eye when the symphatic system is activated
1. Dilates pupil
61
What happens to the eye when the parasympathetic system is activated
1. Constricts pupil
62
What happens to the salivary glands when the sympathetic system is activated?
1. Inhibits the flow of saliva
63
What happens to the salivary glands when the parasympathetic system is activated?
1. Stimulates the flow of saliva
64
What happens to the heart when the sympathetic system is activated
1. Accelerates heartbeat
65
What happens to the heart when the parasympathetic system is activated?
1. Slows heartbeat
66
What happens to the lungs when the sympathetic system is activated?
1. Dilates bronchi
67
What happens to the lungs when the parasympathetic system is activated?
1. Constricts bronchi
68
What happens to the stomach when the sympathetic system is activated?
1. Inhibits digestion
69
What happens to the stomach when the parasympathetic system is activated?
1. Stimulates digestion
70
What happens to the liver when the sympathetic system is activated?
1. Stimulates the release of glucose
71
What happens to the liver when the parasympathetic system is activated?
1. Stimulates the release of bile
72
What happens to the kidney when the sympathetic system is activated?
1. Stimulates the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine
73
What happens to the kidneys when the parasympathetic system is activated?
1. Does not affect kidneys
74
What happens to the intestines when the sympathetic system is activated?
1. Inhibits peristalsis and gastric juice secretion
75
What happens to the intestines when the parasympathetic system is activated?
1. Stimulates peristalsis and gastric juice secretion
76
What happens to the bladder when the sympathetic system is activated?
1. Relaxes bladder
77
What happens to the bladder when the parasympathetic system is activated?
1. Contracts bladder
78
Explain two ways that the nervous system controls the action of the eye to enable effective sight
1. Controls the contraction/dilation of the pupil to adapt to different light levels
2. Changes the shape of the lens to focus the image on the retina
79
Explain one advantage of eye positioning in sheep
1. Eyes on side of head to give wide angle of vision/peripheral vision- gives early detection of danger to allow evasive action
80
What is the function of chemoreceptors?
1. Detect presence of chemicals
2. Tongue/taste buds detect chemicals in food
81
What is the function of thermoreceptors?
1. Detect temperature changes
2. Nerve endings in skin detect temperature
82
What is the function of mechanoreceptors?
1. Detect mechanical changes in environment
2. Ears/cilia detect movement in eardrum
3. Nerve endings in skin detect pressure
83
What is the function of photoreceptors?
1. Detect light
2. Eye/retina detects light which allow vision
84
Which type of vision does a predator have?
1. Binocular vision
2. Creates a 3D image
3. Eyes on front of face
85
What type of vision do prey animals have?
1. Monocular vision
2. Each eye works independently
3. Eyes on side of head
86
What pigment does Rods cells contain?
1. Rhodopsin
87
What pigment does cones contain?
1. Iodopsin
88
What is iodopsin broken down into that is known as bleaching?
89
What are the receptors within the sense organ?
1. Tongue
2. Eye
3. Skin
4. Ear
5. Nose
90
What can be voluntary and involuntary?
1. Reflexes
91
What does it mean by voluntary?
1. Involve the brain
92
What does it mean by involuntary
1. Do not involve the brain
93
How do reflex arcs function?
1. Activating spinal motor neurons without the delay of routing signals to the brain
94
What happens within sympathetic?
1. Inhibits (stops) all normal body functions to focus energy for essential functions
2. Neurotransmitter used is Noradrenaline (NA)
95
What happens within parasympathetic?
1. Restores normal body functions
2. Neurotransmitter is acetylcholine (Ach)
