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Animal Biology > Nervous System🧠 > Flashcards

Nervous System🧠 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the different sense receptors?

A
  1. Auditory
  2. Somatosensory
  3. Olfactory
  4. Gustatory
  5. Visual
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2
Q

What are the different types of receptors?

A
  1. Chemoreceptors
  2. Thermoreceptors
  3. Mechanoreceptors
  4. Photoreceptors
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3
Q

What are the three types of neurons?

A
  1. Sensory neuron- responsible for transmitting impulses from sensory organs to the central nervous system (CNS)
  2. Motor neuron - send impulses from the CNS to specific muscles or organs
  3. Interneuron - transmit impulses between sensory and motor neurons within the brain or spinal cord
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4
Q

What is the structure and function of the eyelid?

A

1.structure- fold of skin which covers the eye
2. Function- cleaning and protecting the eye

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5
Q

What is the structure and function of the cornea?

A
  1. Structure- transparent covering on the eye
  2. Function- protecting the eye; helping converge (bend and join) light rays that enter the eye
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6
Q

What is the structure and function of the sclera?

A
  1. Structure- white part of the eye made of tough collagen fibres
  2. Function- providing protection and support
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7
Q

What is the structure and function of the retina?

A
  1. Structure- layer of light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) at the back of the eye
  2. Function- detecting light rays that are focused by cornea and lens
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8
Q

What is the structure and function of the choroid?

A
  1. Structure- layer of blood vessels with a black pigment
  2. Function- nourishing the eye and absorbing light
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9
Q

What is the structure and function of the iris?

A
  1. Structure- ring of muscles around the pupil, coloured which provides eye colour
  2. Function- controlling the amount of light entering the eye
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10
Q

What do the structure and function of the lens?

A

Structure- transparent, flexible and can change shape due to cilliary muscles
2. Function- focusing the light onto the retina and focusing on objects

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11
Q

What is the structure and function of the ciliary body?

A

1.Structure - attached to the underside of the lens
2. Function- producing aqueous humour and helping with focusing by altering the shape of the lens

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12
Q

What is the structure and function of the aqueous humour?

A

1.structure- Found behind the lens
2. Function- helping to keep the rounded shape; providing nutrients to the cornea and lens

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13
Q

What is the structure and function of the lateral rectus muscles?

A
  1. Structure- found on the lateral side of the eye
  2. Function- helping orientate the pupil away from the body
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14
Q

What is the structure and function of the medial rectus muscle?

A
  1. Structure- found on the medial side of the eye
  2. Function- helping orientate the pupil away from the centre of the body
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15
Q

What is the structure and function of the fovea?

A
  1. Structure- spot located in the macula, which has a high density of cone cells
  2. Function- giving sharp central vision; light is focused onto this spot by the lens
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16
Q

What is the structure and function of the optic disc?

A
  1. Structure- blind spot where there are no photoreceptors
  2. Function- where the optic nerves leave the eye
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17
Q

What is the structure and function of the optic nerve?

A
  1. Structure- bundle of fibres
  2. Function- relaying information from the retina and fovea to the brain
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18
Q

What are the two divisions within the autonomic nervous system?

A
  1. Parasympathetic (rest and digest)
  2. Sympathetic (flight or fight)
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19
Q

What happens within parasympathetic?

A

Eyes- constrict pupil
Salivary glands - stimulates salivation
Heart- slows heartbeat
Lungs- constrict bronchi
Stomach- stimulates digestion
Liver- stimulates bile release
Intestines- stimulates peristalsis and secretion
Bladder- contracts bladder

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20
Q

What happens within sympathetic

A

Eyes- dilate pupil
Salivary glands- inhibits salvation
Heart- accelerates heartbeat
Lungs- dilate bronchi
Stomach- inhibits digestion
Liver- stimulates glucose release
Kidneys- stimulates epinephrine and norepinephrine release
Intestines- inhibit peristalsis and secretion
Bladder- relaxes bladder

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21
Q

What is the different between rods and cones?

A
  1. Rods contain rhodopsin which cannot detect colour
  2. Cones contain iodopsin which detects colour
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22
Q

What is the structure and function of the nervous system?

A
  1. Structure;
    •surrounded by shock-absorbing cerebrospinal fluid (CFS)
    •Brain
    •spinal cord- long bundles of nerves that branch out between each vertebrae connecting to PNS
    Function- controls most of the functions and responses in the body
    •Receive (stimuli from external and internal environments)
    •Analyse (interpret the stimuli and information)
    •Respond (bring about the necessary response)
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23
Q

What is the structure and function of the peripheral nervous system?

A

Structure; nerves that connect the spinal cord to the rest of the body, made up of sensory and motor neurons
Function; parts of the PNS form the somatic nervous system which detects and responds to external stimuli, when receptors are triggered, a message is sent to CNS

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24
Q

What two receptor cells (photoreceptors) are within the layers of the retina?

A
  1. Rods
  2. Cones
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25
Q

What is the role of a reflex arc?

A
  1. A reflex arc is a neural pathway that controls a reflex
  2. Allows for faster reflex actions - activating spinal motor neurons
  3. Control involuntary reflexes (do not require the brain)
  4. Quicker response rate- protecting ourselves from harms stimuli
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26
Q

What is the function of a dendrite?

A
  1. Receive communications from other neural cells through their tree-like projections
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27
Q

What is the function of the cell body/soma?

A

1.Encapsulates the nucleus

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28
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A
  1. Contains genetic information that controls the neuron
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29
Q

What is the function of the myelin sheath

A
  1. Outer coating of the axon, protects and maintains health of the axon. Acts like an electrical insulator.
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30
Q

What is the function of node ranvier?

A
  1. Allow impulses to jump by a process called ‘saltatory conduction’- this means that impulses can jump through gaps in the axon and speed up responses.
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31
Q

What is the function of schwann cells

A
  1. Helps form the myelin sheath and speeds up transmission of nerve impulses
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32
Q

What is the function of axon terminals

A
  1. Connects the neuron to target cells, such as effector and nerve cells
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33
Q

What is the function of gilial cells?

A
  1. Provide protection and support to nerve cells
  2. Surround and are in direct contact with neurons
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34
Q

What is a synapse?

A

1.The junction between two neurons

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35
Q

What are the names of the two divisions within the peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A
  1. Sympathetic
  2. Parasympathetic
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36
Q

What is the function of sympathetic (fight or flight)?

A
  1. Prepares the body for physical activity
  2. Inhibits all ‘normal’ body functions
  3. Noradrenaline (NA) - neurotransmitter
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37
Q

What is the function of parasympathetic (rest and digest)?

A
  1. Restores ‘normal’ body functions
  2. Acetylcholine (Ach) - neurotransmitter
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38
Q

What is the role of tapetum lucidum?

A
  1. Bounces light back
  2. Improving night vision in nocturnal animals
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39
Q

Name the two proteins rhodopsin is broken down into

A
  1. Opsin
  2. Retinal
40
Q

Explain one function of the retina

A
  1. Absorbs light
  2. Sends messages to the optic nerve
41
Q

Explain two ways that the nervous system controls the action of the eye to enable effective sight

A
  1. Controls the contraction/dialation of the pupil - to adapt to different light levels
  2. Changes shape of the lens - to focus image onto the retina
42
Q

Explain one advantage of eye positioning in sheep

A
  1. Eyes on side of the head- to give wide angle of vision (peripheral vision)
43
Q

Give one function of the iris

A
  1. Controls the how much light enter the eye
44
Q

Give one function of the lens

A
  1. Focuses light
45
Q

Give one function of the retina

A
  1. Absorbs light
46
Q

Give one function of the cornea

A
  1. Protection
47
Q

Describe the role of tapetum lucidum

A
  1. A reflective layer that bounces light back - improving night vision in nocturnal animals
48
Q

Explain the structure of tapetum lucidum helps its function

A
  1. The tapetum lucidum is a layer at the back of the eye - reflects light -providing better light absorption
49
Q

Name the two parts of the central nervous system

A
  1. Brain
  2. Spinal cord
50
Q

Explain two functions of the parasympathetic nervous system

A
  1. Slows heartbeat
  2. Constricts pupil
51
Q

Describe how a nerve impulse is transmitted between neurons

A
  1. At the axon terminal
  2. Vessels fuse
  3. Release of neurotransmitter
  4. Synapse
  5. To stimulate action potential / electrical impulse
52
Q

State two symptoms of listeriosis in ruminants

A
  1. Lack of coordination
  2. Facial paralysis
53
Q

Explain two adaptations that help animals see in the dark

A
  1. Tapetum lucidum- to reflect light back to photoreceptors
  2. Big eyes/large pupils - to see more clearly
54
Q

Provide the function of the iris

A
  1. Controls the amount of light entering the eye
55
Q

Provide the function of the lens

A
  1. Focuses/refracts light
56
Q

Provide the function of the fovea

A
  1. Provides sharp, central vision
57
Q

Provide the function of the sclera

A
  1. Provides strenth, structure and protection
58
Q

Describe how sense organs cause a response to stimuli

A
  1. Receptors detect stimuli
  2. Send impulses to CNS
  3. CNS processes messages
  4. Messages sent to effector
59
Q

Give two functions of the sympathetic nervous system

A
  1. Dialates pupil
  2. Inhibits salvation
60
Q

What happens to the eye when the symphatic system is activated

A
  1. Dilates pupil
61
Q

What happens to the eye when the parasympathetic system is activated

A
  1. Constricts pupil
62
Q

What happens to the salivary glands when the sympathetic system is activated?

A
  1. Inhibits the flow of saliva
63
Q

What happens to the salivary glands when the parasympathetic system is activated?

A
  1. Stimulates the flow of saliva
64
Q

What happens to the heart when the sympathetic system is activated

A
  1. Accelerates heartbeat
65
Q

What happens to the heart when the parasympathetic system is activated?

A
  1. Slows heartbeat
66
Q

What happens to the lungs when the sympathetic system is activated?

A
  1. Dilates bronchi
67
Q

What happens to the lungs when the parasympathetic system is activated?

A
  1. Constricts bronchi
68
Q

What happens to the stomach when the sympathetic system is activated?

A
  1. Inhibits digestion
69
Q

What happens to the stomach when the parasympathetic system is activated?

A
  1. Stimulates digestion
70
Q

What happens to the liver when the sympathetic system is activated?

A
  1. Stimulates the release of glucose
71
Q

What happens to the liver when the parasympathetic system is activated?

A
  1. Stimulates the release of bile
72
Q

What happens to the kidney when the sympathetic system is activated?

A
  1. Stimulates the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine
73
Q

What happens to the kidneys when the parasympathetic system is activated?

A
  1. Does not affect kidneys
74
Q

What happens to the intestines when the sympathetic system is activated?

A
  1. Inhibits peristalsis and gastric juice secretion
75
Q

What happens to the intestines when the parasympathetic system is activated?

A
  1. Stimulates peristalsis and gastric juice secretion
76
Q

What happens to the bladder when the sympathetic system is activated?

A
  1. Relaxes bladder
77
Q

What happens to the bladder when the parasympathetic system is activated?

A
  1. Contracts bladder
78
Q

Explain two ways that the nervous system controls the action of the eye to enable effective sight

A
  1. Controls the contraction/dilation of the pupil to adapt to different light levels
  2. Changes the shape of the lens to focus the image on the retina
79
Q

Explain one advantage of eye positioning in sheep

A
  1. Eyes on side of head to give wide angle of vision/peripheral vision- gives early detection of danger to allow evasive action
80
Q

What is the function of chemoreceptors?

A
  1. Detect presence of chemicals
  2. Tongue/taste buds detect chemicals in food
81
Q

What is the function of thermoreceptors?

A
  1. Detect temperature changes
  2. Nerve endings in skin detect temperature
82
Q

What is the function of mechanoreceptors?

A
  1. Detect mechanical changes in environment
  2. Ears/cilia detect movement in eardrum
  3. Nerve endings in skin detect pressure
83
Q

What is the function of photoreceptors?

A
  1. Detect light
  2. Eye/retina detects light which allow vision
84
Q

Which type of vision does a predator have?

A
  1. Binocular vision
  2. Creates a 3D image
  3. Eyes on front of face
85
Q

What type of vision do prey animals have?

A
  1. Monocular vision
  2. Each eye works independently
  3. Eyes on side of head
86
Q

What pigment does Rods cells contain?

A
  1. Rhodopsin
87
Q

What pigment does cones contain?

A
  1. Iodopsin
88
Q

What is iodopsin broken down into that is known as bleaching?

A
89
Q

What are the receptors within the sense organ?

A
  1. Tongue
  2. Eye
  3. Skin
  4. Ear
  5. Nose
90
Q

What can be voluntary and involuntary?

A
  1. Reflexes
91
Q

What does it mean by voluntary?

A
  1. Involve the brain
92
Q

What does it mean by involuntary

A
  1. Do not involve the brain
93
Q

How do reflex arcs function?

A
  1. Activating spinal motor neurons without the delay of routing signals to the brain
94
Q

What happens within sympathetic?

A
  1. Inhibits (stops) all normal body functions to focus energy for essential functions
  2. Neurotransmitter used is Noradrenaline (NA)
95
Q

What happens within parasympathetic?

A
  1. Restores normal body functions
  2. Neurotransmitter is acetylcholine (Ach)

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