The Cell Flashcards
4 tenants of cell theory
- All living things are made up of cells
- The cell is basic unit of life
- Cells arise only from pre-existing cells
- Cells carry DNA and pass it down to daughter cells
2 reasons why viruses are not considered cells
They need a host to replicate and may carry RNA as genetic information
Nucleolus
Subsection of nucleus where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is synthesized
Cristae
Highly convoluted structures that increase surface area available for electron transport chain
Mitochondria have their own ____ and replicate via _______
genes and binary fission
Cytoplasmic/extranuclear inheritance
Transmission of genetic material independent of nucleus
How did mitochondria come about?
Engulfment of aerobic prokaryote by an anaerobic prokaryote.
Lysosome
Contain hydrolytic enzymes that are capable of breaking many substrates, including those ingested by endocytosis, and cellular waste
Endosomes
transport, package, sort cell material travelling to and from the membrane. They transport to trans-golgi, cell membrane, or to lysosomes
Autolysis
Release of hydrolytic enzymes from lysosomes that results in degradation of the cellular components and thus apoptosis
Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum
Detoxification of certain drugs and poisons. It also transports proteins from rough ER to golgi apparatus
Peroxisomes
Contain hydrogen peroxide. It’s primary function to breakdown of very long fatty acids via Beta oxidation.Also participate in synthesis for phospholipids and have some enxymes for pentose phosphate pathway
A cell involved in locomotion will have a lot of _____
mitochondria
A cell involved in secretion will have a lot of _______ and _____
Rough ER and Golgi apparatus
Do blood cells have organelles?
No
Microfilaments resist _____ and _______.
compression and fracture
Microfilaments provide ________ to cell.
protection
Cytokinesis
Cleavage furrow divides into daughter cells
Microtubules structure
Hollow polymers made up of tubulin
Microtubule function
Primary pathway along which motor proteins like kinesin and dynesin carry vesicles
Cilia
Cell projections involved in movement of materials along cell surface
Flagella
Structures involved in movement of cell itself
9+2 structure
Only in eukaryotic cilia and flagella: 9 microtubules surround 2 microtubules in center
Centriole structure
Nine triplets of microtubules
Intermediate filaments 4 roles
- cell-cell adhesion
- maintenance of cytoskeleton integrity
- Anchor organelles
- Withstand tension and allow for cell rigidity
How can you use intermediate filaments to identify cells and tissues?
Identity of intermediate filaments is specific to cell type and tissue type.
2 functions of epithelial tissue
- cover body and line cavities
2. protect against pathogen invasion and dessication
Basement layer
Connective tissue which attaches to epithelial tissue above it
Parenchyma
Functional parts of organ which are constituted by epithelia
Simple epithelia
One layer of cells
Stratified epithelia
Multiple layers of cells
Pseudostratified epithelia
Appear to be multiple layers because of differences in cell height but are one layer
Cuboidal cells
Cube-shaped cells
Columnar cells
Long and thin cells
Squamous cells
Flat and scalelike
Connective tissue
Contributes to stroma or support structure and makes collagen and elastin to help make extracellular matrix
6 examples of connective tissue
bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, adipose tissue, and blood
Bacteria classification
Prokaryotes
Bacteria DNA
single circular molecule of DNA concentrated in the nucleoid region
3 similarities between archaea and eukaryotes
start translation with methionine, contain similar RNA polymerases, associate DNA with histones
3 similarities between archaea and bacteria
single circular chromosome, divide by binary fission and similar structures
Are archaea responsive to antibiotics?
No
Fimbria
Bacteria cilia
Antibiotics target
Bacterial ribosome
Where do pathogenic bacteria live?
Intra and extracellular
