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MCAT > Cognition, consciousness, and language > Flashcards

Cognition, consciousness, and language Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Information processing model

A

Brain encodes, stores, and retrieves information much like a computer

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2
Q

Ability to think abstractly

A

Develops over time.

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3
Q

Early cognitive development is

A

limited by brain maturation

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4
Q

What influence cognitive development?

A

Culture, genes, environment

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5
Q

Piaget’s stages of cognitive development

A

Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational

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6
Q

Sensorimotor stage

A

Focuses on manipulating the environment to meet physical needs through circular reactions. Object permenance ends this stage.

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7
Q

Circular reactions

A

For example, a child may suck his or her thumb by accident and then later intentionally repeat the action. These actions are repeated because the infant finds them pleasurable.

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8
Q

Preoperational stage

A

Focuses on symbolic thinking, egocentrism, centration

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9
Q

Symbolic thinking

A

For young children to engage in making up or imagination by acting as if things are real when they are not real. Symbolic thinking is a cognitive stage of development in young preschool age children.

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10
Q

Centration

A

In psychology, centration is the tendency to focus on one salient aspect of a situation and neglect other, possibly relevant aspects. Introduced by the Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget through his cognitive-developmental stage theory, centration is a behaviour often demonstrated in the preoperational stage.

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11
Q

Concrete operational stage

A

Focuses on understanding the feelings of others and manipulating physical or concrete objects

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12
Q

Formal operational stage

A

Focuses on abstract though and problem solving

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13
Q

Cognitive decline and aging

A

Mild is normal; significant might indicate underlying disorder

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14
Q

Biological factors that affect cognition

A

Organic brain disorders, genetic and chromosomal conditions, metabolic derangements, drug use

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15
Q

Problem solving

A

Requires identification and understanding of the problem, generation of potential solutions, testing of potential solutions, and evaluation of results

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16
Q

Mental set

A

Pattern of approach for a given problem. An inappropriate mental set may negatively impact problem solving.

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17
Q

Functional fixedness

A

Tendency to use objects only in the way they are normally utilized, which may create barriers to problem solving

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18
Q

Trial-and-error

A

the process of experimenting with various methods of doing something until one finds the most successful.

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19
Q

Algorithms

A

a process or set of rules to be followed in calculations or other problem-solving operations, especially by a computer.

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20
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

Deriving conclusions from general rules

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21
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

Deriving generalizations from evidence

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22
Q

Heuristics

A

Shortcuts/rules of thumb to make decisions. It can lead to problematic decisions.

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23
Q

Biases

A

When an experimenter or decision maker is unable to objectively evaluate information. It can lead to problematic decisions.

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24
Q

Intuition

A

“gut feeling” regarding a particular decision. It can lead to problematic decisions. However, they are attributed to experience with similar situations.

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25
Q

Emotional state

A

Plays a role in decision making. It can lead to problematic decisions.

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26
Q

Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences

A

The theory of multiple intelligences differentiates human intelligence into specific ‘modalities’, rather than seeing intelligence as dominated by a single general ability. They are linguistic, logical-mathematical, musicalk, visual-spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal

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27
Q

Variations in intelligence can be attributed to

A

environment, education, and genetics combinations

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28
Q

States of consciousness

A

Alertness, sleep, dreaming, altered states of consciousness

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29
Q

Alertness

A

State of being awake and able to think, perceive, process, and express information.

30
Q

What would you see on the EEG of an alert person?

A

Beta and alpha waves

31
Q

Sleep

A

Important for health of body and brain

32
Q

Stage 1 of sleep

A

Light sleep and dominated by theta waves on EEG.

33
Q

Stage 2 of sleep

A

Slightly deeper sleep than stage 1 and has theta waves, sleep spindles, and K complexes

34
Q

Stages 3 and 4 of sleep

A

Deep (slow-wave) sleep (SWS). Delta waves predominate on EEG. Most slee-wake disorders occur during Stage 3 and 4 non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM). Dreaming in SWS focuses on consolidating declarative memories.

35
Q

Rapid eye movement sleep or REM or paradoxical sleep

A

Mind appears close to awake on EEG but person is asleep. Eye movements and body paralysis occur in this stage. Dreaming in REM focuses on consolidating procedural memories.

36
Q

Sleep cycle

A

Around 90 minutes for adults
1-2-3-4-3-2-REM or 1-2-3-4-REM
REM becomes more frequent near morning

37
Q

Melatonin

A

Changes in light in the evening trigger release of melatonin by pineal gland resulting in sleepiness

38
Q

Cortisol levels near morning

A

Increase near early morning and help promote wakefulness

39
Q

Circadian rhythms

A

Trend around 24 hours

40
Q

Dreaming

A

Occurs mostly in REM

41
Q

Dyssomnia

A

is a broad type of sleep disorders involving difficulty falling or remaining asleep, which can lead to excessive sleepiness during the day due to the reduced quantity, quality or timing of sleep eg insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, sleep deprivation

42
Q

Parasomnias

A

Parasomnias are a category of sleep disorders that involve abnormal movements, behaviors, emotions, perceptions, and dreams that occur while falling asleep, sleeping, between sleep stages, or during arousal from sleep eg night terrors and sleepwalking

43
Q

Hypnosis

A

State of consciousness in which individuals appear to be in control of other normal faculties but are in a highly suggestible state. It is often used for pain control, psychological therapy, memory enhancement, weight loss, and smoking cessation

44
Q

Meditation

A

Quieting of the mind and is often used for relief of anxiety. Also has a role in religion.

45
Q

Conscious-altering drugs

A

Depressants, stimulants, opiates, hallucinogens

46
Q

Depressants

A

They promote or mimic GABA activity in the brain. They include alcohol, barbiturates, and benzodiaxepines.

47
Q

Stimulants

A

Increase dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin concentrations in synaptic cleft. They include amphetamines, cocaine, and ecstasy.

48
Q

Opiates and opiods

A

They cause death by respiratory depression. They include heroin, morphone, opium, oxycodone, and hydrocodone.

49
Q

Hallucinogens

A

hallucinogen is a psychoactive agent that often or ordinarily causes hallucinations, perceptual anomalies, and other substantial subjective changes in thought, emotion, and consciousness that are not typically experienced to such degrees with other categories of drugs. LSD, ketamine

50
Q

Marijuana

A

Has depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic effects.

51
Q

Tetrehydrocannabinol

A

Active ingredient in marijuana

52
Q

Drug addiction is mediated by

A

mesolimbic pathway

53
Q

Mesolimbic pathway

A

Nucleus accumbens, medial forebrain bunlde, bentral tegmental area. Dopamine is main neurotransmitter

54
Q

Selective attention

A

Allows one to pay attention to a particular stimulus while determining if additional stimuli in the bacground require attention

55
Q

Divided attention

A

Uses automatic processing to pay attention to multiple activities at one time

56
Q

Phonology

A

Actual sounds of speech

57
Q

Morphology

A

Building blocks of words, such as rules for pluralizations, past tense, and so forth

58
Q

Semantics

A

Meaning of words

59
Q

Syntax

A

Rules dictating word order

60
Q

Pragmatics

A

Changes in language delivery depending on context. Pragmatics is a subfield of linguistics and semiotics that studies the ways in which context contributes to meaning.

61
Q

Nativist (biological) theory of language

A

Language acquisition as being innate and controlled by language acquisition device or LAD

62
Q

Learning (behaviorist) theory of language

A

Language acquisition as being controlled by operant conditioning and reinforcement by parents and caregivers

63
Q

Social interactionist theory of language

A

Language acquisition as being caused by a motivation to communicate and interact with others

64
Q

Whorfian (linguistic relativity) hypothesis

A

The lens through which we view and interpret the world is created by language

65
Q

Where are speech areas found in the brain?

A

In the dominant hemisphere which most of the time is left hemisphere

66
Q

Broca’s area

A

Controls motor function of speech

67
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

Damage to broca’s area leads to nonfluent aphasia in which generating each word requires great effort

68
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Controls language comprehension.

69
Q

Werncike’s aphasia

A

Fluent, nonsensical aphasia with lack of comprehension

70
Q

Arcuate fasciculus

A

Connects wernicke’s area and broca’s area.

71
Q

Conduction aphasia

A

Damage to arcuate fasciculus and is marked by inability to repeat words heard depsite intact speech generation and comprehension

MCAT (18 decks)

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