Social Stratification

Question 1

Socioeconomic status (SES)

Answer 1

Social stratification is based on this. SES depends on ascribed status and achieved status

Question 2

Ascribed status

Answer 2

Involuntary and derives from clearly identifiable characteristics, such as age, gender, and skin color

Question 3

Achieved status

Answer 3

Acquired through direct, individual efforts

Question 4

Social class

Answer 4

Category of people with shared socioeconomic characteristics. The three main social classes are upper, middle, and lower class. These groups also have similar lifestyles, job opportunities, attitudes, and behaviors.

Question 5

Prestige

Answer 5

Respect and importance tied to specific occupations or associations

Question 6

Power

Answer 6

Capacity to influence people through real or perceived rewards and punishments. It often depends on the unequal distribution of valued resources. Power differentials create social inequality.

Question 7

Anomie

Answer 7

State of normlessness. Anomic conditions erode social solidarity, by means of excessive individualism, social inequality, and isolation

Question 8

Social capital

Answer 8

Investment people make in their society in return for economic or collective rewards. Social networks, either situational or positional, are one of the most powerful forms of social capital and can be achieved through establishing strong and weak social ties

Question 9

Meritocracy

Answer 9

Refers to a society in which advancement up the social ladder is based on intellectual talent and achievement

Question 10

Social mobility

Answer 10

Allows one to acquire higher-level employment opportunities by achieving required credentials and experience. Social mobility can either occur in a positive upward direction or a negative downward direction depending on whether one is promoted or demoted in status

Question 11

Poverty

Answer 11

Socioeconomic condition. In the United States, the poverty line is determined by government’s calculation of the minimum income requirement for families to acquire minimum necessities of life

Question 12

Social reproduction

Answer 12

Passing on of social inequality, especially poverty, from one generation to the next

Question 13

Absolute poverty

Answer 13

When people do not have enough resources to acquire basic life necessities, such as shelter, food, clothing, and water

Question 14

Relative poverty

Answer 14

When one is poor in comparison to a larger population

Question 15

Spatial inequality

Answer 15

Form of social stratification across territories and their populations, and can occur along residential, environmental, and global lines

Question 16

Urban areas

Answer 16

Tend to have more diverse economic opportunities and more ability for social mobility than rural areas. Urban areas also tend to have more low-income racial and ethnic minority neighborhoods than rural areas

Question 17

Formation of higher-income suburbs

Answer 17

Common occurrence, and is due in part to the limited mobility of lower-income groups in urban centers

Question 18

Environmental justice

Answer 18

Uneven distribution of environmental hazards in communities. Lower-income neighborhoods may lack the social and political power to prevent the placement of environmental hazards in their neighborhoods

Question 19

Globalization

Answer 19

Led to further inequalities in space, food, and water, energy, housing, and education as the production of goods shifts to cheaper and cheaper labor markets. This has led to significant economic hardship in industrializing nations

Question 20

Incidence

Answer 20

Calculated as the number of new cases of a disease per population at risk in a given period of time

Question 21

Prevalence

Answer 21

Calculated as the number of cases of a disease per population in a given period of time

Question 22

Morbidity

Answer 22

Burden or degree of illness associated with a given illness

Question 23

Mortality

Answer 23

Deaths caused by a given disease

Question 24

Second sickness

Answer 24

Exacerbation of health outcomes caused by social injustice

Question 25

Poverty and health

Answer 25

Poverty is associated with worse health outcomes, including deceased life expectancy, higher rates of life-shortening diseases, higher rates of suicide and homicide, and higher infant mortality rates

Question 26

Heath vs racial and ethnic

Answer 26

Certain racial and ethnic minorities have worse health profiles than others. African Americans are, on average, the worst off; white Americans, Native Americans, and Hispanic Americans are next; and Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders have the best health profiles

Question 27

Health and gender

Answer 27

Females have better health profiles than males, including higher life expectancy, lower rates of life-threatening illnesses, and higher rates of accessing and utilizing health resources. However, females have higher rates of chronic diseases and higher morbidity rates.

Question 28

Affordable Care Act (ACA)

Answer 28

Essential Health Benefits. A set of 10 categories of services health insurance plans must cover under the Affordable Care Act. These include doctors’ services, inpatient and outpatient hospital care, prescription drug coverage, pregnancy and childbirth, mental health services, and more. Some plans cover more services.

Question 29

Medicare

Answer 29

Medicare is the federal health insurance program for people: Age 65 or older. Under 65 with certain disabilities. Any age with end-stage renal disease (permanent kidney failure requiring dialysis or a kidney transplant)

Question 30

Medicaid

Answer 30

Medicaid is the nation’s public health insurance program for people with low income. The Medicaid program covers 1 in 5 Americans, including many with complex and costly needs for care. The program is the principal source of long-term care coverage for Americans

Question 31

Income and healthcare

Answer 31

Low income groups and racial and ethnic minorities receive worse care than white Americans

Question 32

Weight and healthcare

Answer 32

Biases against overweight or obese patients are associated with lower-quality treatment, including less preventative care and fewer screenings

Question 33

Gender and access to healthcare

Answer 33

Women tend to have better access to healthcare and utilize more healthcare than men

Question 34

Healthcare and LGBT

Answer 34

LGBT men and women may have barriers to care due to prejudices, discrimination, and homophobia