Social Structure and Demographics Flashcards

1
Q

Functionalism

A

Focuses on the function of each component of society and how those components fit together

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2
Q

Manifest functions

A

Deliberate actions that serve to help a given system

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3
Q

Latent functions

A

Unexpected, unintended, or unrecognized positive consequences of manifest functions

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4
Q

Conflict theory

A

Focuses on how power differentials are created and how these differentials contribute to the maintenance of social order

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5
Q

Symbolic interactionism

A

Study of the ways individuals interact through a shared understanding of words, gestures, and other symbols

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6
Q

Social constructionism

A

Explores the ways in which individuals and groups make decisions to agree upon a given social reality

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7
Q

Rational choice theory

A

Individuals will make decisions that maximize potential benefit and minimize potential harm

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8
Q

Exchange theory

A

Applies rational choice theory within social groups

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9
Q

Feminist theory

A

Explores the ways in which one gender can be subordinated, minimized, or devalued compared to the other

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10
Q

Social insitutions

A

Well-established social structures that dictate certain patterns of behavior or relationships and are accepted as a fundamental part of culture. Examples are family, education, religion, government, economy, health and medicine

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11
Q

The four key ethical tenets of American medicine

A

Beneficence, nonmaleficence, respect for autonomy, justice

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12
Q

Beneficence

A

Acting in patient’s best interest

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13
Q

Nonmaleficence

A

Avoiding treatments for which risk is larger than benefit

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14
Q

Respect for autonomy

A

Respecting patients’ rights to make decisions about their own healthcare

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15
Q

Justice

A

Treating similar patients similarly and distributing healthcare resources fairly

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16
Q

Culture

A

Encompasses lifestyle of a group of people and includes both material and symbolic elements

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17
Q

Material culture

A

Physical items one associates with a given group, such as artwork, emblems, clothing, jewelry, foods, buildings, and tools

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18
Q

Symbolic culture

A

Ideas associated with a cultural group

19
Q

Cultural lag

A

Idea that material culture changes more quickly than symbolic culture

20
Q

Cultural barrier

A

Social difference that impedes interaction

21
Q

Langauge

A

Spoken/written symbols combined into a system and governed by rules

22
Q

Value

A

What a person deems important in life

23
Q

Belief

A

Something a person considers to be true

24
Q

Ritual

A

Formalized ceremonial behavior in which members of a group or community regularly engage. It is governed by specific rules, including appropriate behavior and a predetermined order of events

25
Norms
Societal rules that define the boundaries of acceptable behavior
26
Culture and evolution relationship
There is evidence that culture flows from evolutionary principles, and that culture can also influence evolution
27
Demographics
Statistics of populations and are the mathematical applications of sociology. One can analyze hundreds of demographic variables; some of the most common are age, gender, race, and ethnicity, sexual orientation, and immigration status
28
Ageism
Prejudice or discrimination on the basis of a person's age
29
Gender
Set of behavioral, cultural, or psychological traits typically associated with a biological sex.
30
Gender inequality
Intentional or unintentional empowerment of one gender to the detriment of the other
31
Race
Social construct based on phenotypic differences between groups of people' these may be either real or perceived differences
32
Ethnicity
Social construct that sorts people by cultural factors, including language, nationality, religion, an dother factors.
33
Symbolic ethnicity
Recognition of an ethnic identity that is only relevant on special occasions or in specific circumstances and does not specifically impact everyday life
34
Sexual orientation
Defined by one's sexual interest towards members of the same, opposite, or both sexes
35
Immigration
Movement into a new geographic area
36
Emigration
Movement away from a geographic area
37
Fertility rate
Average number of children born to a woman during her lifetime in a population
38
Birth rate
Relative number to a population size over time, usually measured as the number of births per 1000 people per year
39
Mortality rate
Average number of deaths per population size over time, usually measured as the number of deaths per 1000 people per year
40
Migration
Movement of people from one geographic location to another
41
Demographic transition
Model used to represent drops in birth and death rates as a result of industrialization
42
Social movements
Organized to either promote (proactive) or resist (reactive) social change
43
Globalization
Process of integrating a global economy with free trade and tapping of foreign labor markets
44
Urbanization
Process of dense areas of population creating a pull for migration; in other words, creating cities