Social Structure and Demographics

Question 1

Functionalism

Answer 1

Focuses on the function of each component of society and how those components fit together

Question 2

Manifest functions

Answer 2

Deliberate actions that serve to help a given system

Question 3

Latent functions

Answer 3

Unexpected, unintended, or unrecognized positive consequences of manifest functions

Question 4

Conflict theory

Answer 4

Focuses on how power differentials are created and how these differentials contribute to the maintenance of social order

Question 5

Symbolic interactionism

Answer 5

Study of the ways individuals interact through a shared understanding of words, gestures, and other symbols

Question 6

Social constructionism

Answer 6

Explores the ways in which individuals and groups make decisions to agree upon a given social reality

Question 7

Rational choice theory

Answer 7

Individuals will make decisions that maximize potential benefit and minimize potential harm

Question 8

Exchange theory

Answer 8

Applies rational choice theory within social groups

Question 9

Feminist theory

Answer 9

Explores the ways in which one gender can be subordinated, minimized, or devalued compared to the other

Question 10

Social insitutions

Answer 10

Well-established social structures that dictate certain patterns of behavior or relationships and are accepted as a fundamental part of culture. Examples are family, education, religion, government, economy, health and medicine

Question 11

The four key ethical tenets of American medicine

Answer 11

Beneficence, nonmaleficence, respect for autonomy, justice

Question 12

Beneficence

Answer 12

Acting in patient’s best interest

Question 13

Nonmaleficence

Answer 13

Avoiding treatments for which risk is larger than benefit

Question 14

Respect for autonomy

Answer 14

Respecting patients’ rights to make decisions about their own healthcare

Question 15

Justice

Answer 15

Treating similar patients similarly and distributing healthcare resources fairly

Question 16

Culture

Answer 16

Encompasses lifestyle of a group of people and includes both material and symbolic elements

Question 17

Material culture

Answer 17

Physical items one associates with a given group, such as artwork, emblems, clothing, jewelry, foods, buildings, and tools

Question 18

Symbolic culture

Answer 18

Ideas associated with a cultural group

Question 19

Cultural lag

Answer 19

Idea that material culture changes more quickly than symbolic culture

Question 20

Cultural barrier

Answer 20

Social difference that impedes interaction

Question 21

Langauge

Answer 21

Spoken/written symbols combined into a system and governed by rules

Question 22

Value

Answer 22

What a person deems important in life

Question 23

Belief

Answer 23

Something a person considers to be true

Question 24

Ritual

Answer 24

Formalized ceremonial behavior in which members of a group or community regularly engage. It is governed by specific rules, including appropriate behavior and a predetermined order of events

Question 25

Norms

Answer 25

Societal rules that define the boundaries of acceptable behavior

Question 26

Culture and evolution relationship

Answer 26

There is evidence that culture flows from evolutionary principles, and that culture can also influence evolution

Question 27

Demographics

Answer 27

Statistics of populations and are the mathematical applications of sociology. One can analyze hundreds of demographic variables; some of the most common are age, gender, race, and ethnicity, sexual orientation, and immigration status

Question 28

Ageism

Answer 28

Prejudice or discrimination on the basis of a person’s age

Question 29

Gender

Answer 29

Set of behavioral, cultural, or psychological traits typically associated with a biological sex.

Question 30

Gender inequality

Answer 30

Intentional or unintentional empowerment of one gender to the detriment of the other

Question 31

Race

Answer 31

Social construct based on phenotypic differences between groups of people’ these may be either real or perceived differences

Question 32

Ethnicity

Answer 32

Social construct that sorts people by cultural factors, including language, nationality, religion, an dother factors.

Question 33

Symbolic ethnicity

Answer 33

Recognition of an ethnic identity that is only relevant on special occasions or in specific circumstances and does not specifically impact everyday life

Question 34

Sexual orientation

Answer 34

Defined by one’s sexual interest towards members of the same, opposite, or both sexes

Question 35

Immigration

Answer 35

Movement into a new geographic area

Question 36

Emigration

Answer 36

Movement away from a geographic area

Question 37

Fertility rate

Answer 37

Average number of children born to a woman during her lifetime in a population

Question 38

Birth rate

Answer 38

Relative number to a population size over time, usually measured as the number of births per 1000 people per year

Question 39

Mortality rate

Answer 39

Average number of deaths per population size over time, usually measured as the number of deaths per 1000 people per year

Question 40

Migration

Answer 40

Movement of people from one geographic location to another

Question 41

Demographic transition

Answer 41

Model used to represent drops in birth and death rates as a result of industrialization

Question 42

Social movements

Answer 42

Organized to either promote (proactive) or resist (reactive) social change

Question 43

Globalization

Answer 43

Process of integrating a global economy with free trade and tapping of foreign labor markets

Question 44

Urbanization

Answer 44

Process of dense areas of population creating a pull for migration; in other words, creating cities