Identity and personality Flashcards
Self-concept
Sum of the ways in which we describe ourselves: in the present, who we used to be, and who we might be in the future
Identities
Individual components of our self-concept related to the groups to which we belong. eg religious affiliation, sexual orientation, and ethnic, and national affiliations
Self-esteem
Describes our evaluation of ourselves
Ideal self
Who we want to be
Ought self
Who others want us to be
When is self-esteem high?
When our actual self is close to our ideal self and ought self
Self-efficacy
Degree to which we see ourselves as being capable at a given skill or in a given situation. When placed in a consistently hopeless scenario, self-efficacy can be diminished to the point where learned helplessness results.
Learned helplessness
a condition in which a person suffers from a sense of powerlessness, arising from a traumatic event or persistent failure to succeed. It is thought to be one of the underlying causes of depression.
Locus of control
Self-evaluation that refers to the way we characterize the influences in our lives. People with an internal locus of control see their successes and failures as a result of their own characteristics and actions, while those with an external locus of control perceive outside factors as having more of an influence in their lives.
freud’s psychosexual stages
Freud proposed that psychological development in childhood takes place during five psychosexual stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. These are called psychosexual stages because each stage represents the fixation of libido (roughly translated as sexual drives or instincts) on a different area of the body.
Fixation
A fixation is a persistent focus on an earlier psychosexual stage. Until this conflict is resolved, the individual will remain “stuck” in this stage. A person who is fixated at the oral stage, for example, may be over-dependent on others and may seek oral stimulation through smoking, drinking, or eating.
Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development stems from?
conflicts that occur throughout life. These conflicts are results of decisions we are forced to make about ourselves and environment around us at each phase of our life.
First erikson stage: trust vs mistrust
This stage begins at birth continues to approximately 18 months of age. During this stage, the infant is uncertain about the world in which they live, and looks towards their primary caregiver for stability and consistency of care.
Second erikson stage: autonomy vs shame
This stage occurs between the ages of 18 months to approximately 3 years. According to Erikson, children at this stage are focused on developing a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence.
Third erikson stage: initiative vs guilt
During the initiative versus guilt stage, children assert themselves more frequently through directing play and other social interaction.Children begin to plan activities, make up games, and initiate activities with others. If given this opportunity, children develop a sense of initiative and feel secure in their ability to lead others and make decisions.Conversely, if this tendency is squelched, either through criticism or control, children develop a sense of guilt. The child will often overstep the mark in his forcefulness, and the danger is that the parents will tend to punish the child and restrict his initiatives too much.
Industry vs inferiority
the fourth of Erikson’s eight stages of psychosocial development, occurring from ages 6 to 11 years, during which the child learns to be productive and to accept evaluation of his or her efforts or becomes discouraged and feels inferior or incompetent.
Identity vs role confusion
During the identity versus confusion stage, the conflict is centered on developing a personal identity. … According to Erikson, this is important to the process of forming a strong identity and developing a sense of direction in life.
Intimacy vs isolation
points out the struggle young adults have as they try to develop intimate, loving relationships.
Generativity vs Stagnation
Generativity refers to “making your mark” on the world by caring for others as well as creating and accomplishing things that make the world a better place. Stagnation refers to the failure to find a way to contribute.
Integrity vs despair
Ego integrity versus despair is the eighth and final stage of Erik Erikson’s stage theory of psychosocial development. This stage begins at approximately age 65 and ends at death. It is during this time that we contemplate our accomplishments and can develop integrity if we see ourselves as leading a successful life
Kohlberg’s stages of moral development describe
Approaches of individuals to resolving moral dilemmas. There are three main phases: preconvential, conventional, and postconventional
Kohlberg preconventional stage
During the preconventional level, a child’s sense of morality is externally controlled. Children accept and believe the rules of authority figures, such as parents and teachers, and they judge an action based on its consequences.
