Learning and Memory

Question 1

Habituation

Answer 1

Process of becoming used to a stimulus

Question 2

Dishabituation

Answer 2

Can occur when a second stimulus intervenes, causing a resensitization to the original stimulus

Question 3

Associative learning

Answer 3

Way of pairing together stimuli and responses, or behaviors and consequences

Question 4

Classical conditioning

Answer 4

Unconditioned stimulus produces instinctive, unconditioned response is paired with neutral stimulus. With repetition, neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that produces a conditioned response

Question 5

Operant conditioning

Answer 5

Behavior is changed through use of consequences

Question 6

Reinforcement

Answer 6

Increases likelihood of a behavior

Question 7

Punishment

Answer 7

Decreases likelihood of a behavior

Question 8

Schedule of reinforcement

Answer 8

Affect rate at which behavior is performed

Question 9

Fixed interval

Answer 9

In operant conditioning, a fixed interval schedule is when reinforcement is given to a desired response after specific (predictable) amount of time has passed.

Question 10

Variable interval

Answer 10

In operant conditioning, a variable interval schedule is when the reinforcement is provided after a random (unpredictable) amount of time has passes and following a specific behavior being performed.

Question 11

Fixed ratio

Answer 11

In operant conditioning, a fixed-ratio schedule reinforces behavior after a specified number of correct responses.

Question 12

Variable ratio

Answer 12

A variable ratio schedule is a schedule of reinforcement where a behavior is reinforced after a random number of responses. Behaviors learned through this are hardest to extinguish.

Question 13

Observational learning or modeling

Answer 13

Acquisition of behavior by watching others

Question 14

Encoding

Answer 14

Process of putting new information into memory. It can be automatic or effortful. Semantic encoding is stronger than both acoustic and visual encoding.

Question 15

Sensory and short term memory

Answer 15

Transient and based on neurotransmitters activity.

Question 16

Working memory

Answer 16

Requires short-term memory, attention, and executive function to manipulate information

Question 17

Long-term memory

Answer 17

Requires eleborative rehearsal and is the result of increased neuronal activity

Question 18

Explicit (declarative) memory

Answer 18

Stores facts and stories

Question 19

Implicit (nondeclarative) memory

Answer 19

Stores skills and conditioning effects

Question 20

Semantic networks

Answer 20

Facts are stored via this

Question 21

Recognition vs recall

Answer 21

Recognition of information is stronger than recall

Question 22

Retrieval

Answer 22

Based on priming interconnected nodes of the semantic network

Question 23

Priming

Answer 23

Priming is a phenomenon whereby exposure to one stimulus influences a response to a subsequent stimulus, without conscious guidance or intention. For example, the word NURSE is recognized more quickly following the word DOCTOR than following the word BREAD

Question 24

Ways memories can be lost

Answer 24

Alzeimers, Korsakoffs, agnosia, decay, interference

Question 25

Memories are highly subject to what at time of encoding and recall?

Answer 25

Environment and mood

Question 26

Neuroplasticity

Answer 26

Memory and learning depend on changes in brain chemistry and physiology; decreases with age

Question 27

Long-term potentiation

Answer 27

Responsible for conversion of short-term to long-term memory, is the strengthening of neural connections resulting from increased neurotransmitter release and adding of receptor sites