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MCAT > Embryogenesis and Development > Flashcards

Embryogenesis and Development Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Ampulla

A

Widest part of fallopian tube where fertilization happens

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2
Q

Acrosomal enzymes

A

When the sperm meets the secondary oocyte, it releases acrosomal enzymes to help it penetrate the ovum

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3
Q

Acrosomal apparatus

A

When the sperm penetrates the ovum, it makes this tubelike structure to penetrate the cell membrane of ovum and then sperm pronuclei enter the ovum.

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4
Q

Cortical reaction

A

When the sperm penetrates the ovum, calcium ions are released and this leads to depolarization of the ovum’s membrane. This increases metabolism of diploid zygote and makes the fertilized membrane impenetrable to other sperm.

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5
Q

Dizygotic (fraternal) twins

A

2 eggs are released in one cycle and fertilized by 2 sperm. Each zygote makes it own placenta, chorion, and amnion.

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6
Q

Monozygotic (identical) twins

A

Single zygote splits into two

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7
Q

What does incomplete division of a zygote result in?

A

Conjoined twins

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8
Q

Name the three combinations of chorion and amnion that twins can have.

A

Monochorionic/monoamnionic, monochorionic/diamnionic, dichorionic/diamnionic

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9
Q

As the zygote travels from the fallopian tube to the uterus for implanment, what process is it undergoing?

A

Division

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10
Q

Embryo

A

First division of zygote

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11
Q

What happens to embryo size during first few divisions? What increases? What is the advantage of this?

A

Embryo size is constant. The ratio of the nuclear space to cytoplasmic space increases as well as the ratio for surface area over volume. This increases area for gas and nutrient exchange.

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12
Q

Indeterminate cleavage

A

Cells can still divide into whole organisms. Monozygotic twins arise from these cells

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13
Q

Determinate cleavage

A

Cells are already committed to differentiating into a certain type of cell

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14
Q

Morula

A

Solid mass of cells after several divisions after embryo

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15
Q

Blastula/Blastocyst

A

Morula undergoes blastulation to become this. It is a hollow sphere where the trophoblast cells make up the boundary while there is an inner cell mass. The blastocoel is the fluid filled cavity.

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16
Q

Blastocoel

A

Fluid filled cavity of blastocyst

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17
Q

Trophoblast cells

A

Give rise to chorion and placenta

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18
Q

Inner cell mass

A

Give rise to organism

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19
Q

Chorionic villi

A

Trophoblast have these which help them penetrate endometrium and develop into placenta

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20
Q

Umbilical cord

A

Connects embryo and placenta. It has 2 arteries and 1 vein

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21
Q

Yolk sac

A
  • Supports embryo until placenta made

- site for early blood cell development

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22
Q

Allantois

A

-Involved in early fluid exchange between embryo and yolk sac

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23
Q

What two structures develop into the umbilical cord?

A

Allantois and yolk sac

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24
Q

Amnion

A

Surrounds allantois and filled with amniotic fluid

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25
Q

Amniotic fluid

A

Absorbs shock during pregnancy

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26
Q

Chorion

A

Surrounds amnion for additional protection

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27
Q

Gastrulation

A

Generation of 3 distinct cell layers

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28
Q

3 steps of gastrulation

A
  1. Small invagination in blastula
  2. Cells move towards invagination and blastocoel disappears
  3. Tube develops
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29
Q

Archenteron

A

Membrane invagination becomes gut later

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30
Q

Blastopore

A

Opening of archenteron

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31
Q

Deutorostomes

A

Humans are this and this when the blastopore becomes the anus

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32
Q

Protostomes

A

Blastopore becomes mouth

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33
Q

The three primary germ layers

A

Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

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34
Q

Ectoderm

A
  • outermost layer
  • skin, hair, nails
  • The epithelia of nose, mouse, and lower anal canal
  • eye lens, nervous system, inner ear
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35
Q

Mesoderm

A
  • middle layer
  • different systems, gonads, adrenal cortex
  • muscular and connective tissue for digestive and respiratory system
36
Q

Endoderm

A
  • innermost layer
  • epithelial lining of digestive and respiratory
  • pancreas, thyroid, bladder, distal urinary tract, parts of liver
37
Q

Selective transcription

A

Only genes needed for that particular cell type are transcribed

38
Q

Induction and its steps

A

Ability of one group of cells to influence the fate of nearby cells

  1. Organizing cells release inducers or chemicals
  2. Inducers diffuse to responsive cells
39
Q

Organizing cells

A

Release inducers

40
Q

Responsive cells

A

Respond to inducers

41
Q

Neuralation

A

Development of nervous system

42
Q

Neuralation 3 steps

A
  1. Rod of mesodermal cells (notochord) forms along long axis of organism like a primitive spine
  2. Notochord induces group of overlying ectodermal cells to slide inward to form neural folds which surround a neural groove
  3. Neural folds grow toward each other to make a neural tube (precursor to CNS)
43
Q

Neural crest cells

A

Lead to peripheral nervous system

44
Q

Teratogens

A

Substances that interfere with development of embryo causing defects and/or death

45
Q

What will happen to the fetus if the mother is hyperglycemic?

A

It will be large and hypoglycemic

46
Q

Folic acid deficiency in the mother leads to

A

Neural tube defects

47
Q

Specification

A

Cell is REVERSIBLY designated as a specific cell type. It can still become any cell type.

48
Q

Determination

A

Cell is irreversibly committed to a specific lineage

49
Q

Name 2 ways differentiation can happen

A
  1. Parent cell unequally distributes mRNA and proteins to daughter cells. Presence of specific mRNA and protein molecules lead to determination.
  2. Nearby cells secrete morphogens that cause neighboring cells to follow a particular development pathway
50
Q

Differentiation

A

Physical changes to cell to match determined cell type

51
Q

Stem cells

A

Cells that have not yet differentiated or that give rise to another cells that will differentiate

52
Q

Totipotent stem cells

A

Have the greatest potency: can differentiate into any cell type in fetus or placental structures

53
Q

Pluripotent stem cells

A

When the 3 germ cell layers have developed, these cells can differentiate into any except placental structures.

54
Q

Multipotent stem cells

A

Can differentiate into multiple types of cells within a particular group

55
Q

Inducers

A

Growth factors (peptides) that promote differentiation and mitosis in specific tissues

56
Q

Reciprocal development

A

Bidirectional induction

57
Q

How can morphogens induce different responses?

A
  1. Through concentration gradients

2. Multiple morphogens makes different combinations

58
Q

Cell migration

A

Cells must be able to disconnect from adjacent structures and migrate to current location

59
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death; cell divides into self-contained protrusions called apopotic blems which can be broken apart into apoptitic bodies and digested by other cells. Materials are recycled.

60
Q

Necrosis

A

Cell death in which cell dies from injury. It bursts open and internal substances are spilled.

61
Q

Regenerative capacity

A

Ability of organism to regrow certain parts of body. Stem cells migrate to and initiate growth.

62
Q

Complete regeneration

A

Lost/damaged replaced with identical tissue

63
Q

Incomplete regeneration

A

Newly formed tissue isn’t identical structure/function to lost/damaged tissue

64
Q

Regenerative capacities of the liver, kidney, and heart

A

From highest to lowest: Liver>kidney>heart

65
Q

Senescence

A

Biological aging can occur at cellular and organismal level

66
Q

Effect of shortened telomeres

A

Cells cannot divide

67
Q

Telomeres

A

Prevent genetic information loss

68
Q

Telomerase

A

Synthesizes telomeres and inhibits senescence; possibly promotes cancer

69
Q

Placenta roles

A

Transfer of nutrients and gases via diffusion and via HbF, transfer antibodies, make estrogen, progesterone, and hCG

70
Q

Fetal Hemoglobin

A

It has higher affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin

71
Q

Umbilical arteries

A

Carry deoxygenated blood away from fetus to placenta

72
Q

Umbilical vein

A

Carry oxygenated blood to fetus

73
Q

What two organs does the fetus not use and what are they replaced by?

A

Lungs; gas exchange happens at heart

Liver; mother’s liver does detoxification and metabolism

74
Q

After birth, what affects the lungs and liver the most?

A

High blood pressure

75
Q

Shunts

A

Actively divert blood away from the lungs and liver in the fetus as they develop

76
Q

Foramen ovale

A

One way valve which lets blood go from right atrium to left atrium

77
Q

How is the foramen ovale closed after birth?

A

Before birth, the pressure in the right side is greater but this reverses after birth and shuts the shunt

78
Q

Ductus arteriosus

A

Allows leftover blood from pulmonary artery to aorta

79
Q

Ductus venosus

A

Allows blood from placenta to go to inferior vena cava

80
Q

Does the liver have any vasculature during fetal developmenT?

A

It has small hepatic arteries

81
Q

First trimester

A
  • Become a fetus
  • Major organs develop
  • Brain fairly developed
  • Heart beats
  • Skeleton hardens
82
Q

Second trimester

A
  • Lots of growth
  • Human appearance, toes, fingers
  • Moves in amniotic fluid
83
Q

Third trimester

A
  • Rapid growth
  • Further brain development
  • Antibodies transported at high rate
  • Fetus moves less because less room
84
Q

Partuition

A

Prostaglandins and oxytocin lead to uterine contractions which lead to vaginal birth

85
Q

3 stages of vaginal birth

A
  1. Cervix thins out and amniotic sac ruptures
  2. Uterine contractions lead to birth
  3. Afterbirth is when the placenta and umbilical cord are expelled

MCAT (18 decks)

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