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MCAT > Psychological Disorders > Flashcards

Psychological Disorders Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Biomedical approach to psychological disorders

A

Takes into account only the physical and medical causes of a psychological disorder. Thus, treatments in this approach are of a biomedical nature.

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2
Q

Biopsychosocial approach

A

Considers relative contributions of biological, psychological, and social components to an individual’s disorder. Treatment also falls into these three areas

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3
Q

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

A

Used to diagnose psychological disorders. It’s current version is DSM-5. It categorizes mental disorders based on symptom patterns.

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4
Q

Why psychological disorders are very common in the population?

A

Anxiety, depressive, and substance abuse disorders

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5
Q

Schizophrenia

A

Prototypical disorder with psychosis (Psychosis is a condition that affects the way your brain processes information. It causes you to lose touch with reality. You might see, hear, or believe things that aren’t real) as a feature. It has negative and positive symptoms.

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6
Q

Positive symptoms of Schizophrenia

A

Add something to behavior, cognition, or affect and include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and disorganized behavior

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7
Q

Negative symptoms of Schizophrenia

A

Loss of something from behavior, cognition, or affect and include disturbance of affect and avolition (lack of motivation to do things)

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8
Q

Depressive disorders

A

Include major depressive disorder and seasonal affective disorder

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9
Q

Major depressive disorder

A

Contains at least one depressive episode

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10
Q

Persistent depressive disorder

A

It is Dysthymia which is defined as a low mood occurring for at least two years, along with at least two other symptoms of depression. It does not meet the criteria for major depressive disorder.

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11
Q

Seasonal affective disorder

A

Colloquial name for major depressive disorder with seasonal onset, with depression occurring during winter months

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12
Q

Bipolar and related disorders

A

Have manic or hypomanic episodes

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13
Q

Bipolar I disorder

A

Contains at least one manic episode

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14
Q

Bipolar II disorder

A

Contains at least one hypomanic episode and at least one major depressive episode

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15
Q

Cyclothymic disorder

A

Hypomanic episodes with dysthymia

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16
Q

Manic episode

A

Manic episodes may include symptoms such as high energy, reduced need for sleep, and loss of touch with reality.

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17
Q

Hypomania

A

Hypomania is a milder form of mania. If you’re experiencing hypomania, your energy level is higher than normal, but it’s not as extreme as in mania.

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18
Q

Anxiety disorders

A

Generalized anxiety disorder, specific phobias, social anxiety disorder, agoraphobia, panic disorder

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19
Q

Generalized anxiety disorder

A

Disproportionate and persistent worry about many different things for at least six months. People with GAD may anticipate disaster and may be overly concerned about money, health, family, work, or other issues.

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20
Q

Specific phobias

A

Irrational fears of specific objects or situations

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21
Q

Social anxiety disorder

A

Anxiety due to social or performance situations

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22
Q

Agoraphobia

A

Fear of places or situations where it is hard for an individual to escape

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23
Q

Panic disorder

A

Marked by recurrent panic attacks: intense, overwhelming fear and sympathetic nervous system activity with no clear stimulus. It may lead to agoraphobia.

24
Q

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

A

Characterized by obsessions (persistent, intrusive thoughts and impulses) and compulsions ( repetitive tasks that relieve tension that cause significant impairment in a person’s life)

25
Q

Body dysmorphic disorder

A

Characterized by an unrealistic negative evaluation of one’s appearance or a specific body part. The individual often takes extreme measures to correct the perceived imperfection.

26
Q

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

A

Characterized by intrusion symptoms (reliving the event, flashbacks, nightmares), avoidance symptoms (avoidance of people, places, objects associated with trauma), negative cognitive symptoms (amnesia, negative mood, and emotions), and arousal symptoms (increased startle response, irritability, anxiety).

27
Q

Dissociate disorders

A

Dissociative amnesia, dissociative identity disorder, depersonalization/derealization disorder

28
Q

Dissociate amnesia

A

Inability to recall past events without an underlying neurological disorder.

29
Q

Extreme form of dissociative amnesia results in

A

Dissociative fugue (formerly called psychogenic fugue) is a psychological state in which a person loses awareness of their identity or other important autobiographical information and also engages in some form of unexpected travel

30
Q

Dissociative identity disorder

A

Occurrence of two or more personalities that take control of a person’s behavior

31
Q

Depersonalization/derealization disoder

A

Involves feelings of detachment from the mind and body or from the environment

32
Q

Somatic symptom and related disorders

A

Involve significant bodily symptoms

33
Q

Somatic symptom disorder

A

Somatic symptom disorder involves a person having a significant focus on physical symptoms, such as pain, weakness or shortness of breath, that results in major distress and/or problems functioning. The individual has excessive thoughts, feelings and behaviors relating to the physical symptoms.

34
Q

Illness anxiety disorder

A

Preoccupation with thoughts about having, or coming down with, a serious medical condition

35
Q

Conversion disorder

A

Unexplained symptoms affecting motor or sensory function and is associated with prior trauma

36
Q

Personality disorders

A

Patterns of inflexible, maladaptive behavior that causes distress or impaired functioning in at least two of the following: cognition, emotions, interpersonal functioning, or impulse control.

37
Q

The three clusters of personality disorders

A

Cluster A: odd, eccentric
Cluster B: Dramatic, emotional, erratic
Cluster C: anxious, fearful

38
Q

Cluster A personality disorders

A

Paranoid, shizotypal, and schizoid PDs

39
Q

Cluster B personality disorders

A

Antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic PDs

40
Q

Cluster C personality disorders

A

Avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive PDs

41
Q

Paranoid Personality disorder

A

Pervasive distrust and suspicion of others

42
Q

Schizotypal Personality disorder

A

Ideas of reference, magical thinking, and eccentricity (strange)

43
Q

Schizoid Personality disorder

A

Detachment from social relationships and limited emotion

44
Q

Antisocial Personality disorder

A

Disregard for the rights of others

45
Q

Borderline Personality disorder

A

Instability in relationships, mood, and self-image. Splitting is characteristic, as well as recurrent suicide attempts.

46
Q

Splitting

A

For people with borderline personality disorder (BPD), ‘splitting’ is a commonly used defense mechanism that is done subconsciously in an attempt to protect against intense negative feelings such as loneliness, abandonment and isolation.You can identify splitting most commonly through the language of a person with BPD. They’ll often use extreme words in their characterizations of self, others, objects, beliefs, and situations, such as: “never” and “always” “none” and “all”

47
Q

Histrionic Personality disorder

A

Constant attention-seeking behavior

48
Q

Narcissistic Personality disorder

A

Grandiose sense of self-importance and need for admiration

49
Q

Avoidant personality disorder

A

Extreme shyness and fear of rejection

50
Q

Dependent personality disorder

A

Continouous need for reassurance

51
Q

Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

A

Perfectionism, inflexibility, and preoccupation with rules

52
Q

Biological basis of schizophrenia

A

Genetic factors, birth trauma, adolescent marijuana use, and family history. There is high levels of dopaminergic transmission.

53
Q

Biological basis of depression

A

High levels of glucocorticoids and low levels of norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine

54
Q

Biological basis of bipolar disorders

A

High levels of norepinephrine and serotonin. Highly heritable.

55
Q

Biological basis of Alzheimer’s dieases

A

Genetic factors, brain atrophy, decreases in acetylcholine, senile plaques of β-amyloid and neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphyrlated tau protein.

56
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

Associated with bradykinesia (slowness of movement), resting tremor, pill rolling tremor (A pill rolling tremor is a tremor named for how it appears. If you have a pill rolling tremor, it looks like you are trying to roll a pill or another small object between your thumb and index finger), masklike facies (An expressionless face with little or no sense of animation; a face that is more like a mask than a normal face), cogwheel rigidity (muscular rigidity in which passive movement of the limbs (as during a physical examination) elicits ratchet-like start-and stop movements through the range of motion), and shufffling gait (Shuffling gait appears as if the person is dragging their feet as they walk. )

57
Q

Biological basis for Parkinson’s disease

A

Decreased production of dopamine by cells in substantia nigra

MCAT (18 decks)

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