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MCAT > Biology and Behavior > Flashcards

Biology and Behavior Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Neuropsychology

A

Study of connection between nervous system and behavior. It most often focuses on the functions of the various brain regions.

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2
Q

3 types of neurons in the nervous system

A

Sensory (afferent), motor (efferent), internuerons

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3
Q

Reflex arcs

A

Use the ability of interneurons in spinal cord to relay information to the source of stimuli while simultaneouslt routing it to the brain

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4
Q

Central nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Most cranial and spinal nerves

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6
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Division of periphery nervous system and is voluntary

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7
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Division of periphery nervous system and is automatic

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8
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Rest and digest

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9
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Fight or flight

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10
Q

Branches of autonomic nervous system

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic

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11
Q

3 subdivisions of brain

A

Hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain

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12
Q

Hindbrain

A

Cerebellum, medulla oblongata, reticular formation

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13
Q

Midrbain

A

Inferior and superior colliculi

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14
Q

Forebrain

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, limbic system, cerebral cortex

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15
Q

Methods of studying the brain

A

Studying animals and humans with lesions, electrical stimualtion, activity recording, EEG, regional cerebral blood flow

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16
Q

Thalamus

A

Relay station for sensory information

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17
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Maintains homeostasis and integrates with endocrine system through hypophyseal portal system that connects it to the anterior pituitary

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18
Q

Hypophyseal portal system

A

Connects hypothalamus to anterior pituitary

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19
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Smoothen movements and help maintain postural stability

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20
Q

Limbic system

A

Contains septal nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus. It controls emotion and memory.

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21
Q

Septal nuclei

A

Involved in feelings of pleasure, pleasure-seeking behavior, and addiction

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22
Q

Amygdala

A

Controls fear and aggression

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23
Q

Hippocampus

A

Consolidates memories and communicates with other parts of the limbic system through an extension called fornix

24
Q

Cerebral cortex lobes

A

Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

25
Q

Frontal lobe

A

It controls executive function, impulse control, long term planning, motor function, speech production

26
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Controls sensation of touch, pressure, temperature, and pain;spatial processing, orientation and manipulation

27
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Controls visual processing

28
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Controls sound processing, speech perception, memory, and emotion

29
Q

In most individuals, which hemisphere is dominant for language?

A

Left hemisphere

30
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Released bu neruons to carry a signal to another neuron or effector ( muscle fiber or gland)

31
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Used by somatic nervous system (to move muscles), parasympathetic nervous system, and the central nervous system (for alertness)

32
Q

Dopamine

A

Maintains smooth movements and steady posture

33
Q

Endorphins and enkephalins

A

Natural painkillers

34
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

Maintain wakefulness and alertness, and mediate fight or flight responses. They both are released by adrenal medulla and mediate sympathetic nervous system activity.

35
Q

Epinephrine

A

Acts as a hormone

36
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Acts as a neurotransmitter

37
Q

2 inhibitory neurotransmitters in brain

A

GABA ( γ-Aminobutric acid) and glycine

38
Q

Glutamate

A

Excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain

39
Q

Serotonin

A

Modulates mood, sleep patterns, eating patterns, and dreaming

40
Q

Cortisol

A

Stress hormone released by adrenal cortex

41
Q

Testosterone

A

Mediates libido and increases aggressive behavior. Released by adrenal cortex. In males, it is also made by testes.

42
Q

Estrogen

A

Mediates libido. It is released by adrenal cortex and ovaries.

43
Q

Nature vs Nurture

A

Debate regarding the contributions of genetics (nature) and environment (nurture) to an individual’s traits. For most traits, both nature and nurture play a role. The relative effects of each can be studied.

44
Q

Family studies

A

Look at relative frequency of a trait within a family compared to a general population

45
Q

Twin studies

A

Compare concordance rates between monozygotic (identical) and dizygotic (fraternal) twins

46
Q

Adoption studies

A

Compare similarities between adopted children and their adoptive parents, relative to similarities with their biological parents

47
Q

Neuralation

A

Nervous system develops by having the notochord stimulate overlying ectoderm to fold over, and create a nerual tube topped with neural crest cells.

48
Q

Neural tube

A

Becomes central nervous system

49
Q

Neural crest cells

A

Spread out throughout body and differentiate into many different tissues

50
Q

Primitive reflexes

A

Exist in infants and should disappear with age. Most primitive reflexes serve ( or used to) protective role. They can reappear in central nervous system disorders.

51
Q

Rooting reflex

A

Infant turns their head toward anything that brushes their cheek

52
Q

Moro reflex

A

Infant extends arms, then slowly retracts them and cries in response to a sensation of falling

53
Q

Babinski reflex

A

Big toe is extended and the other toes fan in response to the brushing of the sole of the foot

54
Q

Grasping relfex

A

Infant grabs anything put into their hand

55
Q

Developmental milestones

A
  1. Gross and fine motor abilities progress head to toe and core to periphery
  2. Social skills shift from parent-oriented to self-oriented to other-oriented
  3. Language skills become more complex

MCAT (18 decks)

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