Motivation, Emotion, and Stress

Question 1

Motivation

Answer 1

Purpose, or driving force, behind our actions

Question 2

Extrinsic motivation

Answer 2

Based on external circumstances

Question 3

Intrinsic motivation

Answer 3

Based on internal drive or perception

Question 4

Primary factors that influence emotion

Answer 4

Instincts, arousal, drives, and needs

Question 5

Instincts

Answer 5

Innate, fixed patterns of behavior in response to stimuli.

Question 6

Instinct theory of motivation

Answer 6

People perform certain behaviors because of these evolutionary programmed instincts

Question 7

Arousal theory

Answer 7

People perform actions to maintain arousal, the state of being awake and reactive to stimuli, at an optimal level.

Question 8

Yerkes-Dodson law

Answer 8

Performance is optimal at a medium level of arousal

Question 9

Drive

Answer 9

Internal states of tension that bring particular behaviors focused on goals.Drive, in psychology, an urgent basic need pressing for satisfaction, usually rooted in some physiological tension, deficiency, or imbalance (e.g., hunger and thirst) and impelling the organism to action.

Question 10

Primary drives

Answer 10

Related to bodily processes. Primary drives are innate biological needs (e.g., thirst, hunger, and desire for sex)

Question 11

Secondary drives

Answer 11

Stem from learning and include accomplishments and emotions. secondary drives are associated with—and indirectly satisfy—primary drives (e.g., the desire for money, which helps pay for food and shelter).

Question 12

Drive reduction theory

Answer 12

Motivation arises from desire to eliminate drives, which create uncomfortable internal states

Question 13

Needs also drive _____

Answer 13

motivation

Question 14

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 14

Prioritizes needs into five categories: physiological needs (highest priority), safety and security, love and belonging, self-esteem, and self-actualization

Question 15

Self-determination theory

Answer 15

Emphasizes the role of three universal needs: autonomy, competence, relatedness

Question 16

Incentive theory

Answer 16

Explains motivation as desire to pursue rewards and avoid punishments

Question 17

Expectancy-value theory

Answer 17

Amount of motivation for a task is based on the individual’s expectation of success and amount that success is value

Question 18

Opponent-process theory

Answer 18

Explains motivation for drug use: as drug use increases, the body counteracts its effects, leading to tolerance and uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms

Question 19

Sexual motivation is related to ?

Answer 19

Hormones, cultural and social factors

Question 20

Emotion

Answer 20

State of mind, or feeling, that is subjectively experienced based on circumstances, mood, and relationships

Question 21

Three components of emotion

Answer 21

1. Cognitive (subjective)
2. Behavioral (facial expressions and body language)
3. Physiological ( changes in autonomic nervous system)

Question 22

Seven universal emotions

Answer 22

Happiness, sadness, contempt, suprise, fear, disgust, and anger

Question 23

Contempt

Answer 23

the feeling that a person or a thing is beneath consideration, worthless, or deserving scorn.

Question 24

James-Lange theory of emotion

Answer 24

Nervous system arousal leads to a cognitive response in which the emotion is labeled

Question 25

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

Answer 25

Simultaneous arousal of the nervous system and cognitive response lead to action

Question 26

Schachter-Singer theory of emotion

Answer 26

Nervous system arousal and interpretation of context leads to cognitive response

Question 27

Limbic system

Answer 27

Primary nervous system component involved in experiencing emotion

Question 28

Amygdala

Answer 28

Involved with attention and fear, helps interpret facial expressions, and is part of intrinsic memory system for emotional memory

Question 29

Thalamus

Answer 29

Sensory processing station

Question 30

Hypothalamus

Answer 30

Releases neurotransmitters that affect mood and arousal

Question 31

Hippocampus

Answer 31

Creates long-term explicit (episodic) memories

Question 32

Prefrontal cortex

Answer 32

Planning, expressing personality, and making decisions

Question 33

Ventral prefrontal cortex

Answer 33

Critical for experiencing emotion

Question 34

Ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Answer 34

Involved in controlling emotional responses from the amygdala and decision-making

Question 35

Stress

Answer 35

Physiological and cognitive response to challenges

Question 36

Primary appraisal

Answer 36

Classifying a potential stressor as irrelevant, benign-positive, or stressful

Question 37

Benign

Answer 37

Not very harmful

Question 38

Maligant

Answer 38

Infectious

Question 39

Secondary appraisal

Answer 39

Directed at evaluating if the organism can cope with stress, based on heart, threat, and challenge

Question 40

Stressor

Answer 40

Anything that leads to a stress response

Question 41

distress

Answer 41

Psychological distress is a general term used to describe unpleasant feelings or emotions that impact your level of functioning

Question 42

Eustress

Answer 42

Eustress means beneficial stress—either psychological, physical, or biochemical/radiological. Usually mediated by sympathetic nervous system

Question 43

general adaptation syndrome

Answer 43

GAS is the three-stage process that describes the physiological changes the body goes through when under stress. This includes alarm, resistance, and exhaustion