The cell

Question 1

Nucleus

Answer 1

houses all the genetic material, DNA, and provides location for DNA transcription or copying

Question 2

Endomembrane system

Answer 2

A bilayer surrounding the nucleus, outer membrane, includes nuclear envelope, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, plasma membrane, and more vesicles and vacuoles

Question 3

Ribosomes

Answer 3

mRNA is transported out of the nucleus and into the ribosomes docked on the endoplasmic reticulum. Function is to perform translation which is the conversion of mRNA into protein.

Question 4

Central dogma of biology

Answer 4

The process of DNA to RNA to protein

Question 5

Golgi apparatus

Answer 5

receives immature proteins formed by translation from ribosomes. Processing and sorting like UPS warehouse. Immature cells are processed into mature cells within the Golgi and packaged into vesicles. Mature proteins packaged in vesicles bud off of the Golgi and head for the plasma membrane.

Question 6

Secretion

Answer 6

happens when vesicles of protein come to the plasma membrane and wait for the signal to fuse with the membrane to be released. Known as exocytosis

Question 7

Mitochondria

Answer 7

Has its own DNA and has two membranes like the nucleus. Mitochondria can make proteins from their own DNA and can even be coaxed into making more mitochondria to meet increased energy demands (exercise training).
Structural components:
-outer membrane
- intramebranous space or the space between the inner and outer membranes
- inner membrane
- Critsae or the folding of the inner membrane
- The matrix or inner space

Question 8

Lysosomes

Answer 8

Specialized vesicles that bud off of the Golgi (not full of new proteins), they go to the endoplasmic membrane to be released into the extracellular fluid. Has a pump in its membrane which it uses to pump H+ ions into its lumen which lowers the pH. This allows it to break down and digest unwanted material.

Question 9

Proteasomes and peroxisomes

Answer 9

also involved in the recycling of old materials. When a cell wants to get rid of unwanted proteins, it tags the protein with ubiquitin which is then picked up by one of the proteasomes. Peroxisomes are responsible for getting rid of harmful/toxic substances that might enter the cell.

Question 10

Cytoskeleton

Answer 10

made up of proteins that are constantly destroyed and rebuilt. It maintains cell shape, resists deformation, and allows movement both inside the cell and movement of the whole cell itself. Cell signaling, endocytosis, exocytosis, and cell division are all a part of the function of the cytoskeleton as well. Composed of three main filaments:

• microfilaments
• intermediate filaments
• microtubual filaments

Question 11

Microfilaments

Answer 11

The thinest of all the filaments, comprised of long filaments called G-actin. Generate force by adding monomers. Myosin can generate pulling forces that are needed in things like muscles

Question 12

Intermediate filaments

Answer 12

stronger than microfilaments thus help to maintain cell shape. Act as an anchor for other organelles as well as a cell to cell junction. Also help to maintain the shape of the nucleus.

Question 13

Microtubules

Answer 13

largest of all the filaments, hollow monomer called tubulin which winds like a spiraling staircase. Organizes the center called a centrosome. It is the highway for vesicle transport, important for specialized movement like flagella, and helps in cell division.