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Anatomy and Physiology > The Brain > Flashcards

The Brain Flashcards

1
Q

Four regions of the brain

A

cerebrum, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum

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2
Q

What is the most superior part of the brain?

A

cerebrum, also the largest and highest developed

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3
Q

What are the two hemispheres that the cerebrum is divided into?

A

Divided by a longitudinal fissure, there is a right and a left hemisphere. Further, these hemispheres are divided into lobes

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4
Q

What are the four LOBES of the cerebrum?

A

Frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital. There is also a fifth region called the insula

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5
Q

How are the lobes of the cerebrum divided

A

originally by anatomical position, they are separated by specific neurons that do specific things

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6
Q

Grooves of the brain (cerebrum) are called:

A

Sulci

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7
Q

Mounds of the brain are called:

A

Gyri or gyrus

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8
Q

What is the outter 2-4 MM layer of the cerebrum called?

A

The cerebral cortex, composed of grey matter

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9
Q

grey matter

A

neuron cell bodies and dendrites, does all the processing

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10
Q

What is the middle of the cerebrum called?

A

Medulla, composed of white matter

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11
Q

White matter

A

myelinated neural axons, sends the messages

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12
Q

What is the cluster of cell bodies similar to ganglion but in white matter called?

A

nuclei

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13
Q

Two functional units of the cerebrum

A

Limbic system and basal nuclei

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14
Q

Three types of white matter in medulla

A

association fibers, commissural fibers, projection fibers

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15
Q

Association fibers

A

connect regions of a given hemisphere

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16
Q

Commissural fibers

A

allow the two hemispheres to talk to each other, They cross through an area called corpus callosum

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17
Q

Projection fibers

A

connect the cerebrum to other parts of the brain and spinal cord

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18
Q

Cerebral cortex functions

A

memory, attention, perception, thought, movement, language, and consciousness

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19
Q

Frontal lobe function (cerebrum)

A

motor behavior

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20
Q

Parietal lobe function (cerebrum)

A

processing and perception of sensory information

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21
Q

Occipital lobe function (cerebrum)

A

Visual processing and perception

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22
Q

Temporal lobe function (cerebrum)

A

hearing, vision, balance, language `

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23
Q

Three further divisions of the cerebrum

A

motor areas, sensory areas, association areas

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24
Q

Motor area of the cerebrum

A

controls skeletal muscle. Voluntary movement, localized in the frontal lobe: prefrontal cortex, premotor cortex, primary motor cortex

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25
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

where decisions to move are made

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26
Q

Premotor cortex

A

Where the signal is processed and decided where to be sent

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27
Q

Primary motor cortex

A

relays the final message to the spinal cord

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28
Q

Pre-central gyrus

A

houses primary motor complex, toe up. Those areas that are in charge of the fine, little movements take up a lot of real-estate in the cerebrum. Hands have much more primary motor complexes devoted to them than legs to

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29
Q

Primary somatic sensory cortex

A

located in the post-central gyrus of the parietal lobe, receives information from the the skin and proprioceptors. Touch, pressure, temperature, and pain are all included here. The density of the sensory receptors dictates how much space is taken up by that area in the brain. Also has an association area that recalls past sensory information

30
Q

Primary visual cortex

A

Located in the occipital lobe, receives input from the eyes and makes an image out of it

31
Q

Primary auditory complex

A

Located in the temporal lobes and converts signals into sounds

32
Q

Primary olfactory complex

A

Located at the junction of the temporal and frontal lobes and deals with smell

33
Q

Primary gustatory complex

A

taste, boundary between insula and frontal lobes

34
Q

Two additional sensory cortexes found in insula

A

primary visceral cortex and primary equilibrium cortex

35
Q

Executive functions of the brain

A

planning, reasoning, abstract thought, self-control, decision making, differentiation between good and bad, between better and best, and understanding consequences to our actions, personalities, working/short-term memory
-Last to fully develop and mature

36
Q

Lateralization of the hemispheres

A

information is shared between the two hemispheres and the right side controls the left and vice versa. There are some things that are restricted to one area or the other like speech and language with Broca’s area and Wernickes area. Other functions that are usually confined to one hemisphere over the other are analytical skills, spatial perception, and musical ability

37
Q

Brocas area

A

Frontal lobe, motor speech area, ability to speak and write

Damage = expressive aphasia

38
Q

Wernickes area

A

posterior temporal lobe, understanding spoken and written word, Damage = receptive aphasia

39
Q

Diencephalon

A

Connection between the brain stem and the cerebrum, has three grey matter structures: the thalamus, the hypothalamus, and the epithalamus

40
Q

Thalamus

A

the sorter and interpreter of all the information that comes in from the cerebral cortex from sensory areas all over body. With the exception of smell, all afferent neurons converge in this area. It is basically the UPS of information, the gate keeper
-ability to concentrate on a certain task while disregarding other sensory input

41
Q

Hypothalamus

A 
Below the thalamus, visceral control center. It regulates the internal organs, maintaining homeostasis 
Autonomic nervous system
Emotions
body temperature
Food intake
Water Balance
Sleep 
endocrine system
42
Q

Epithalamus

A

Most dorsal of the strictures, contains pineal gland which secretes melatonin

43
Q

Brainstem

A

connects brain to spinal cord, has three ares: pons, medulla oblongata, and the midbrain

  • 10-12 nerves exit the central nerve system through the brain stem
  • respiration and regulation of heart, nobody could live without the brain stem
44
Q

Midbrain

A

The midbrain is the upper most portion of the brain stem and is situated between
the diencephalon and the pons
-Three structures:the corpora quadrigemina, the substantia
nigra, and the red nucleus.

45
Q

Corpora quadrgemina

A

processes visual information, two areas: superior colliculi and inferior colliculi. They direct your eyes to something if it suddenly moves

46
Q

The pons

A

controls sleep, respiration, swallowing, bladder control, hearing, equilibrium, taste, eye movement, facial expressions, and posture, and also dreams. It connects the cerebellum to the cerebrum

47
Q

Medulla oblongota

A

Body homeostasis, controls vital reflexes, also where skeletal muscle neurons cross over in decussation

48
Q

Cerebellum (little brain)

A

Sits under the occipital lobe in the cerebral hemisphere, grey matter and white matter and the surface is composed of folds called folia,

  • functions in motor learning, motor coordination, and equilibrium
  • driving, playing the piano, walking, dancing
49
Q

EEG

A

electroencephalogram, it detects the positive and negative charge differences in neurons to see what is firing where

  • Beta waves- 13-30 hertz, awake and alert with eyes open
  • Alpha waves - 8-13 hertz, beginning stages of sleep
  • Theta waves- 4-7 hertz, rarer, seen is young children sleeping
  • Delta waves -0.5-4 hertz, deep sleep and brain injury patients
50
Q

Learning

A

acquisition of information

51
Q

Memory

A

retention and storage of information

52
Q

Short-term memory

A

only lasts a short time, limited to about 7-12 bits of information, only retained for a few seconds or minutes.

53
Q

Working memory

A

special kind of short-term memory, allows you to remember things as they happen like crossing the street looking for cars

54
Q

Long-term memory

A

No limit to the amount of information that can be stored. Hippocampus is essential to this function. The creation of long term memories is associated with physical changes like new synapses. Repetition is the best way to improve

55
Q

Explicit of declarative memory

A

What you’re trying to learn in school names dates etc. Can be expressed verbally, requires a very conscious effort and hippocampal involvement to recall. These are the most easily lost over time.

56
Q

Implicit or procedural memory

A

Learning how to ride a bike, we do not need to consciously recall these things, almost reflexive. Amygdala and cerebellum play important roles in this type of memory.

57
Q

Consolidation

A

the process of short-term memories being converted into long-term ones. Repetition is best for this, at least for explicit information

58
Q

Three layers of meninges

A

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, and the pia mater

59
Q

Dura mater

A

the outermost protective layer of the meninges, composed of dense, thick connective tissue. Has two sublayers: outer periosteal layer and a meningeal layer

60
Q

Periosteal layer

A

this is the sublayer of the Dura mater that connects the skull to the second layer of the dura mater, the meningeal layer

61
Q

Falx cerebri

A

seperates the two central hemispheres, the two halves of the crebrum like the walnut membranes

62
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

Just below the dura mater, this layer is thin and transparent, it is not connected to the other layers rather is is surrounded by a subarachnoid space filled with cerebrospinal fluid. Gets its name from the many spider web line processes that extend down through the subarachnoid space into the pia mater into the brain

63
Q

Pia mater

A

Very thin delicate membrane that hugs the brain under all the other layers. This membrane goes into many of the gyri and sulci, it also adheres to the spinal cord

64
Q

Difference between dura mater of brain and dura mater of spinal cord

A

The dura mater of the spinal cord only has one layer rather than two. In addition to this, the membrane does not connect bone to the vertebrae and there is a space called the epidural space

65
Q

Epidural space

A

filled with adipose tissue designed to help cushion the spinal cord

66
Q

Functions of cerebrospinal fluid

A

Buoyancy, electrolyte and circulatory balance, protection, circulation, waste removal

67
Q

Epidural hemorrhaging

A

When the skull is fractured it lacerates the arteries between it and the dura mater. This pressure builds up and causes the dura mater to lift away from the skull and depresses the brain

68
Q

Subdural hemorrhaging

A

Found between the dura mater and the brain, caused from tears in the veins classically found in shaken baby syndrome and severe whiplash. Occur in acute, subacute, and chronic categories going from most severe to least . When a quick, intense lateral motion hits the head, a shearing effect happens on the veins as the tension from one layer but not the other occurs

69
Q

Subarachnoid hemorrhaging

A

Occurs in the areas between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater, where cerebrospinal fluid is found. Most notable symptom is a thunderclap headache that feels like a kick to the head and develops immediately after rupture

70
Q

Intracerebral hemorrhaging

A

occurs inside of the brain in the very tiny blood vessels. Caused by trauma or spontaneous rupture, second most common cause of stroke, commonly associated with risk factors such as diabetes and high blood pressure

Anatomy and Physiology (25 decks)

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