The Cell

Question 1

Cell theory

Answer 1

basic unit of life; all living things are composed of cells; new cells come from pre-existing cells

Question 2

prokaryotic

Answer 2

lack nucleus, bacteria/archaea, cell wall + ribosome + cytoplasm + plasma membrane, circular DNA form

Question 3

eukaryotic

Answer 3

nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, coiled/linear DNA strands, 10x bigger than prokaryotic

Question 4

plasma membrane characteristics (6)

Answer 4

phospholipid bilayer, fluid mosaic model, selectively permeable, receives info, capacity for movement/expansion, import/export of molecules

Question 5

how is the membrane selectively permeable?

Answer 5

• hydrophobic molecules (O2, CO2, N2) go through easily
• small uncharged polar molecules (H2O, glycerol) go through ok
• large uncharged polar molceules (glucose, sucrose) barely go through
• ions (H+, NA+, HCO3-, K+) do not go through

Question 6

diffusion

Answer 6

random movement of molecules from higher to lower concentration (passive transport) along the concentration gradient

Question 7

facilitated diffusion

Answer 7

diffusion w/ aid of protein channel (eg glucose)

Question 8

active transport

Answer 8

ATP + protein carrier against concentration gradient

eg: sodium potassium pump (Na out, K in)

Question 9

osmosis

Answer 9

flow of H2O across a permeable membrane

Question 10

(exo/endo/phago)cytosis

Answer 10

exo: out of plasma membrane via vesicle (merged)
endo: in
phago: macrophages consuming pathogens

Question 11

hyper/hypo/isotonic

Answer 11

hyper: more solute inside/less water out (shrivel)
hypo: less solute inside/more water out (swelling)
iso: equal amount

Question 12

nucleus

Answer 12

separates DNA/genome from cytosol, nucleolus (rRNA/ribosomal proteins), double membrane

Question 13

endomembrane system

Answer 13

rough ER w/ribosome, golgi complex, vesicles (lysosome), plasma membrane

Question 14

smooth/rough ER

Answer 14

s: makes lipids
r: ribosomes for protein synthesis

Question 15

cytoskeleton

Answer 15

protein fibers, cell shape/support, strength, locomotion, chromosome separation

Question 16

metabolism

Answer 16

chemical processes that occur w/in an organism in order to maintain life

Question 17

catabolism

Answer 17

destructive metabolism; breakdown of complex molecules –> simpler -> release of energy

Question 18

anabolism

Answer 18

constructive metabolism, synthesis of complex molecules -> simpler -> storage of energy

Question 19

mitochondria

Answer 19

production of ATP, has its own DNA (passed down maternally)

Question 20

endosymbiotic hypothesis

Answer 20

mitochondria used to be an energy-producing prokaryotic cell that got absorbed by a eukaryotic cell. it evolved into an organelle and continued to produce energy inside